What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction?

What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction
Beams, Explained! – Beams act as structural elements that transfer loads from the slab and to columns. This means transfer beams are installed to carry the load from one to another. They are typically horizontal members. The purpose of a beam is to carry walls and to avoid loading a concrete slab.

Beams are used to tighten columns in construction; this provides optimal distribution of the bending moment in the beams and reduces the length of the bending in the columns. Additionally, the length and width of the beams used will be determined by calculating the load being transferred to the beam to support the width in between them.

The dimension of a beam is determined by calculating the value of internal forces located on them. Internal forces include the following:

Normal forces act perpendicular to the surface or object, which in this case is the beam. Normal stress is exerted. Shear forces act parallel to the surface of an object, and they exert shear stress. Bending Moment is the shearing force or the slope of the moment diagram at a given point.

There are two types of beams used typically. The beam types include the following:

have several types.

Falling beams are in a falling appearance from the concrete slab. Inverted beam that lies above the concrete slab. Hidden beams are within the thickness of the concrete slab. This means the width of the section is greater than the depth. Cantilever beams are members that are fixed on one end and freestanding on the other. Typically used in trusses, bridges, and other structural members. These beams carry loads over the span that undergoes shear stress and bending moment. Vierendeel beams are used in spaces that have wide-open areas. The members of these structures are joined rigidly together, and each member is required to transmit bending, shear, and direct stress.

C-section beams have two flanges and three sides. The flange includes a lip at the tip giving it the unique c-shape. I-section beams have a high resistance to bending. The load is applied to the top flange, and the tension area is in the bottom flange. T-section beams are similar to I-section beams; however, they only have one flange. L-section beams are in the shape of an “L,” and they have half of a flange on one side.

What is at beam used for?

It is mainly used in frame type structure. A T-beam or Tee-beam is used in a construction process which is a load bearing structure of a reinforced concrete, wood or metal having T-shaped cross-section.

What is a beam in construction?

In building construction, a beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel (see post-and-lintel system).

What type of beam is used in construction?

A beam is a structural element or member that largely transfers loads placed along its axis to its supports, such as walls, columns, foundations, and so on, with bending being the primary way of deflection. Various types of beams are employed in the construction of buildings and structures.

Vertical loads, shear stresses, and bending moments can all be absorbed by these horizontal structural members. Beams distributed loads throughout their length to their terminals, including walls, columns, foundations, and other structures. Types of Beams in Constructions: The types of beams used in construction are as follows: A.

Based on Construction Materials: 1. Timber Beam: Fig 1: Timber Beam Courtesy: vestern.co.uk On the wooden truss, the timber beam travels horizontally between two posts. The timber beam is commonly utilized in the building of wooden roof trusses. A timber frame structure is used with columns and posts to support beams. What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction Fig 2: Reinforced Concrete Beam Courtesy: researchgate.net Plain cement concrete and reinforcement bars make up a Reinforced Concrete Beam. It is the most frequent type of beam used in building construction. This sort of beam can be seen in many residences.3. Steel Beam: Fig 3: Steel Beam Courtesy: structure1.net Steel beams are utilized in warehouses, towers, industrial buildings, and trusses, among other steel constructions. Steel I-beams are often employed because they have high second moments of area, which means they are stiff concerning their cross-sectional area and can handle a large load without sagging.4. Composite Beam: Fig 4: Composite Beam Courtesy: tecquipment.com It’s a structural component built from two different materials linked together to form a single unit. Steel and concrete composite beams, for example, are utilized in building construction. A broad steel flange is used to secure this concrete slab.B.Based on Support Conditions: 5. Simply Supported Beam: Fig 5: Simply Supported Beam Courtesy: sciencedirect.com It is one of the most basic structural elements because both ends are supported, but it can rotate freely. There are pinned support at one end, and at the other, there is roller support. It can withstand shearing and bend depending on the strain.6. Cantilever Beam: Fig 6: Cantilever Beam Courtesy: quantity-takeoff.com A cantilever beam is defined as a fastened beam at one end and set to be free at the other. The load is distributed back to the support, subjected to moment and shear stress. Bay windows, balconies, and some bridges are all possible using cantilever beams.7. Fixed Beam: Fig 7: Fixed Beam Courtesy: theconstructor.org This type of beam has fixed ends on both ends. In addition, the fixed beam’s rotating movement is controlled. The fixed beam’s end cannot be rotated because it is fixed at both ends. The fixed beam is positioned to withstand high pressure. Fig 8: Overhanging Beam Courtesy: civiconcept.com A simple supporting beam-like structure is commonly used for this sort of beam. In an overhanging beam, however, one end extends beyond the support. The beam is often delivered at each end of the column to transfer the load. Fig 9: Continuous Beam Courtesy: engineersforum.com.org A continuous beam contains more than two or more supports. It’s similar to a supported beam. When a beam is maintained at both ends with intermediate support, it is referred to as a continuous beam. What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction Fig 10: Trussed Beam Courtesy: civiconcept.com A truss has reinforced a trussed beam. These beams are commonly utilized to construct workshop sheds and warehouse sheds where a long span and open space are required.C. Based on Shape Of Cross Section: 11. Rectangular Beam: Fig 11: Rectangular Beam Courtesy: drintl.co.in The cross-section of the rectangular beam endures tension at the bottom and compression at the top. As a result, the bottom of the beam’s cross-section receives more reinforcement than the top. Rectangular beams are the most prevalent type of building beam.12. T-section Beam: Fig 12: T-section Beam Courtesy: drintl.co.in Most of the time, this beam is built monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab. Isolated T-beams are sometimes used to boost the compression strength of concrete.13. I -section Beam: What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction Fig 13: I-section Beam Courtesy: civiconcept.com In the construction of steel constructions, I beams are used. In steel structures, I beams can safely withstand deflection and bending forces. I section beams are manufactured according to factory specifications. Fig 14: L-section Beam Courtesy: civiconcept.com L-Beam is a type of beam used at the corner or around the perimeter of a slab.15. C-section Beam: Fig 15: C-section Beam Courtesy: exportersindia.com It’s a beam with a channel part, often known as a “C” section.D.Based on Geometry: 16. Straight Beam: Fig 16: Straight Beam Courtesy: simscale.com Straight beams have a straight contour along their length. The majority of the structures are composed of straight beams.17. Tapered Beam: Fig 17: Tapered Beam Courtesy: forum.ansys.com Because of their excellent stiffness-to-mass ratio, tapered beams are widely used in structural applications. They have several advantages over prismatic beams, including increased shear bearing capacity, increased lateral stability, and reduced weight.18. Curved Beam: Fig 18: Curved Beam Courtesy: dreamstime.com Curved beams are those that have a curved shape or profile. It is commonly employed in the construction of circular or curved-shaped buildings. E Based on Equilibrium Conditions: 19. Statically Determinate Beam: Fig 19: Statically Determinate Beam Courtesy: structvile.com Based on the basic equilibrium condition, the support reaction created in this beam is computed. The basic equilibrium position used as a beam is used to examine statically determinate beams. Fig 20: Statically Indeterminate Beam Courtesy: aboutcivil.org F. Based on Construction Methods: 21. Cast In-situ Concrete Beam: Fig 21: Cast In-situ Concrete Beam Courtesy: civildigital.com These are the beams that are cast and cured on-site. Formwork is placed in a specific size for the casting of the beam, and fresh concrete is poured into the forms, which are then compacted using various vibratory machinery.22. Prestressed Concrete Beam: Fig 22: Cast In-situ Concrete Beam Courtesy: civildigital.com Stress or strain is imparted to this concrete beam before it is placed in place. Engineer-designed prestressed-concrete beams can span greater distances than reinforced-concrete beams. This type of beam is very thin and light.23. Precast Concrete Beam: Fig 23: Precast Concrete Beam Courtesy: civildigital.com Precast beams are cast or created in a controlled environment away from the structure, and perfect conditions are provided to castings to assure the beam’s full strength. They’re made at facilities and cured with a high-quality check in a very controlled environment. Fig 24: Lintel Beam Courtesy: civilclick.com It transfers the weight from the upper part to the sidewall it rests. One of the most important components of the beam is the lintel beam. On the top of the door, window, and ventilation frame, lintel beams are usually installed.

Its major purpose is to limit the amount of force applied to the door and window frames. Conclusion: Different types of beams are utilized in buildings and constructions, and each one has a distinct purpose. The different beams are categorized based on the types of support they give, the loading conditions they face, the shape of their cross-sections, and the materials they make.

References: 1. Satheesh. (2019, October 3).20+ Different Types Of Beams – List With Drawing, Civil Planets; civilplanets.com. https://civilplanets.com/types-of-beams/ 2. Types of Beams in Constructions. (2021, September 5).9To5Civil; 9to5civil.com. https://9to5civil.com/types-of-beams/ 3.

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Mahajan, B. (2020, June 15).25 Types Of Beam | What Is A Beam | Types Of Beams In Civil Engineering | Types Of Beam Pdf. Civiconcepts; civiconcepts.com. https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-beam 4.21 Types of Beams in Construction – The Constructor. (2018, September 17). The Constructor; theconstructor.org.

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ 5. Mohdsuhel. (2021, April 3). Types of Beams Used in Construction. CivilMint.Com; civilmint.com. https://civilmint.com/types-of-beams-used-in-construction/ 6. Sahu, A. (2020, March 7).

  1. Different types of Beam and its classification – Civil Gyan.
  2. Civil Gyan; www.civilgyan.com.
  3. Https://www.civilgyan.com/different-types-of-beam-and-its-classification/ 7.
  4. Types of beams used in buildings and structures – Constro Facilitator.
  5. 2021, July 24).
  6. Constro Facilitator; www.constrofacilitator.com.

https://www.constrofacilitator.com/types-of-beams-used-in-buildings-and-structures/

What is RCC beam?

An ordinary reinforced concrete beam or the column itself is an inhomogeneous section composed of concrete and reinforcement, whose behavior is totally different.

What is beam example?

11. L-section beam – This type of beam is constructed monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab at the perimeter of the structure, as illustrated in Fig.10. Steel cross sectional shapes include: There are various steel beam cross-sectional shapes. What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction Fig.12: Steel beam cross sectional shapes Fig.8 shows different types of beams based on cross-sectional shapes constructed from composite materials, Based on Geometry

Where do beams go in a building?

1.2 Positioning of Beams – 1. Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.2. Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria. (The deflection varies directly with the cube of the span and inversely with the cube of the depth i.e.

Which beam is strongest?

H-Beams. One of the strongest steel beams on the list, H-beams, is made up of horizontal elements, while the vertical beams act as the web. The flanges and web create a cross-section that mimics the shape of the letter ‘H’ and are popular in construction or civil engineering projects.

What beams are used in houses?

RSJs – What are they and why do you need them? RSJs are the reason your home extension will stay up! If you are considering any major structural changes or removing a load-bearing wall, you will need a Rolled Steel Joint (RSJ) installed. RSJs are the most popular steel beams being used in construction today. What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction When a house is built, load-bearing and non load-bearing walls are created. The difference is that load bearing walls are responsible for supporting the structural weight of the entire building while non-load building walls are there purely to divide rooms.

  1. If you want to create an open plan space by removing or modifying a load-bearing wall you will need to insert a steel RSJ beam to take the strain, or your house will literally fall down as it will be missing key critical supports.
  2. Installing an RSJ correctly requires careful calculations, time and skill.

An experienced builder or structural engineer will need to inspect your property and perform steel beam calculations to consider what type of wall they are working with, what length of beam they need and how much weight is going to be supported by the beam.

  1. The cost of installing an RSJ can vary greatly depending on regional price differences between suppliers, the size of the beam and the ease of access to your property.
  2. Often, an RSJ beam can be hoisted into place but really heavy beams, or difficult to reach sites, might need to use a crane.
  3. Additional costs of installing an RSJ can crop up once a wall has been removed.

These can include:

‘Making good’ uneven flooring– often the floors on either side of the original wall may not be level and this will need to be fixed. Cost of redecorating. Removing walls is a messy business. Party Wall agreements. If you are altering a structure that could potentially impact an adjourning property, you will need a legal agreement that will protect your neighbour and you from any disputes over damage that may occur during construction.

All drawings and calculations for any steel beam work will need to be submitted to Building Control to gain Building Regulations approval and an experienced builder will be able to do this for you. It’s pretty common to see RSJs in both older and newer houses these days but don’t think the planning for them is commonplace.

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Which beam is best for bending?

This indicates that for the same cross-sectional area of beam moment of the area increases very much with the increase of depth and hence its flexural strength. But I- section beam is the most efficient shape only for one direction bending.

What is main beam in civil engineering?

A horizontal wooden or steel beam resting on the costal notches of a formwork, functioning to bind the bracing of the same.

Are beams load bearing?

Load-Bearing Wall Checklist – Here is a checklist to tell if the wall you want to take down is load bearing: Grab your blueprints — A great place to start is by digging out the original blueprints if they’re available. The original blueprints for the home will tell you which walls are load bearing and which ones are not.

  • If a wall is marked as “S” in the blueprint, this means “structural,” thus showing it’s a load-bearing wall.
  • Check your ceiling — Take a look at your ceiling to identify any load-bearing beams that run across the house.
  • Any walls beneath these beams are probably also load bearing.
  • If there is no load-bearing beam below the wall you are considering getting rid of, it’s most likely not load bearing.

Assess your basement — Look in your basement or crawl space for steel beams or joists. If you do spot joists in your basement and there is a wall that runs perpendicular, this wall is most likely load bearing. If the wall is parallel above the joists, it’s most likely not a load-bearing wall.

What is beam explain?

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis (an element designed to carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column). Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending, The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam’s support points.

The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beams, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, where the beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain beams, for instance automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems.

What is beam strength?

Free ST 1: Soil and Foundation Engineering 20 Questions 20 Marks 25 Mins Explanation: The strength of two beams of the same material can be compared by the section modulus values. The beam is stronger when section modulus is more, the strength of the beam depends on section modulus,

  1. The strength of the beam also depends on the material, size, and shape of cross-section,
  2. Section modulus of a beam can be expressed as \( = \frac \) Therefore, \(Z = \frac }\) where Z is the section modulus and found out as \(Z = \frac \) Since in the option the diameter is not given then we can ignore the circular section.

For rectangular section: \(Z = \frac \) \(Z = \frac } }=\frac \) therefore we can say that the strength is directly proportional to the square of depth. Latest SJVN Junior Field Engineer Updates Last updated on Sep 28, 2022 The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) is expected to release the official notification for SJVN Junior Field Engineer Recruitment very soon.

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What is the best shape of beam?

What Are I-Beams Used For? – I-beams have a variety of important uses in the structural steel construction industry. They are often used as critical support trusses, or the main framework, in buildings. Steel I-beams ensure a structure’s integrity with relentless strength and support.

The immense power of I beams reduces the need to include numerous support structures, saving time and money, as well as making the structure more stable. The versatility and dependability of I-beams make them a coveted resource to every builder. Commonly termed an “I” beam because of its shape, beams provide great load bearing support when used horizontally or standing as columns.

I-beams are the choice shape for structural steel builds because the I-beam makes it uniquely capable of handling a variety of loads. The shape of I-beams makes them excellent for unidirectional bending parallel to the web. The horizontal flanges resist the bending movement, while the web resists the shear stress.

  1. Understanding the I-beam is a basic necessity for the modern civil engineer or construction worker.
  2. Engineers use I-beams widely in construction, forming columns and beams of many different lengths, sizes, and specifications.
  3. An I-beam is made by rolling or milling steel which means the I-beam is often limited by the capacity or size of the milling equipment.

I-beams come in a variety of weights, section depths, flange widths, web thicknesses, and other specifications for different purposes. When ordering I-beams, buyers classify them by their material and dimensions. For example, an 11×20 I-beam would have an 11-inch depth and a weight of 20 pounds per foot.

The builder chooses an I-beam with a web thickness that won’t fail, buckle, or ripple under tension. The flanges are chosen to prevent buckling locally, sideways, or torsionally. The builder will choose a thickness to minimize the deformation of the beam. A certain mass and stiffness are selected to prevent vibrations in the building. The strength of the I-beam’s cross-section should accommodate yield stress.

NOTE: The Customer must fully evaluate every process and application in all aspects, including suitability, compliance with applicable law, and non-infringement of the rights of others. Tampa Steel & Supply shall have no liability with respect thereto.

What is the size of beam?

What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction
MINIMUM SIZE

ALSO READ: Maximum Size Of Concrete Slab, Beam & Column | Calculation What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction What Is The Use Of Beam In Construction OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL VIDEO : ALSO READ: Minimum And Maximum Spacing Of Beam, Column, Stirrups, Slab & Footing THE STANDARD SIZE OF THE BEAMS In a residential building it is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm standard size according to (IS codes). The minimum RCC beam size should not be less than 9 ʺ × 9 ʺ or 225mm × 225mm with the addition of a 125mm slab thickness.

THE STANDARD SIZE OF THE COLUMN The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns. The minimum column size should not be less than 9 “x9”.9 “x9” columns are to be used for a single-story concrete grade M15 (1: 2: 4) structure (cement: sand: aggregate). THE MINIMUM THICKNESS FOR A CONCRETE SLAB Concrete is generally applied with a thickness of 2 inches or more, but the thicker it is, the stronger the slab will be.

Four (150mm) inches is more common for a slab LCET ED INSTITUTE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS ” Our Mission To Educate And Keep People Informed By Creating A Trusted Source Of Knowledge Everything Related To Civil Engineering”, LCETED SUGGESTS YOU READ THIS TOPIC ALSO:

Is beam necessary for slab?

How can I make a RCC slab without any beam? Yes it is possible to design slab without any beam. By using FLAT SLAB, it is a reinforced slab which built monolithically with the supporting column only. Load is directly transfers from slab to the supporting column. In the construction of flat slab we have to provide : 1) Drop.2) Column head or column capital.

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Drop is a part of the slab around the column, which have greater thickness than the rest of the slab. And in capital column or column head, the diameter of the supporting column is increased below the slab. Flat slab is design by two methods

1) DIRECT DESIGN METHOD,2) EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD. You can design the flat slab according to IS CODE 456:2000. Advantages of FLAT SLAB 1)Thus a plain ceiling is obtained, giving attractive appearance.2) The plain ceiling diffuse the light better.3). Cheaper form work thus reduced the construction cost. Flat slab is constructed in case of large span and heavy load. : How can I make a RCC slab without any beam?

How many types of beam are there?

What are construction beams made of? – There are different types of construction beams based on the choice of the construction material. Common materials are reinforced concrete, timber, steel, and fiber-reinforced polymeric materials. Reinforced concrete beams are made when steel bars are embedded along the length of a structural member to increase the structure’s tensile strength.

These are the most common beam types. On the other hand, steel beams are made from steel and molded into different shapes. Standard steel beams are I-beams, H-beams, W and S sections, rectangular hollow sections, plate girders, and circular hollow sections. Steel is a suitable material when constructing beams over long spans, and we also use it in making composite beams of concrete and steel.

Timber is the oldest material used in beam construction. Timber beams are constructed by jointing structural wooden members together. We use fiber-reinforced polymeric materials to construct composite beams where we join two or more materials together to form a beam.

What are the advantages of T-beam?

T-beams are generally preferred to rectangular beams and L-beams. First of all, it performs better in bending since it has a higher second moment of inertia. The compressive load on the slab is shared by the flange of the T-beam (because it is cast monolithically with the slab), which increases the moment of resistance.

  1. This also reduces the need for additional compression reinforcement at the top.
  2. Rectangular beams are only singly reinforced in our textbooks.
  3. In practice, rectangular beams have to be reinforced doubly.
  4. Still, T-beams don’t need to.
  5. The flange is more effective in bending and providing ductility.
  6. The web is more effective in shear.

If you look at the stress distribution diagram of a T-beam, you’ll see that the bending stress is distributed more in the flange and shear stress more on the web. Hence, the resulting bending+shear is lower for any cross-section than in rectangular beams, where the two add up.

  • Due to the above two points, deflection is significantly reduced in the case of T-beams.
  • Also, we know that the concrete below the neutral axis is hardly contributing to the beam strength since it’s in tension.
  • So why not remove it? The moment of resistance will be comparable for a rectangular beam and a T-beam with the same depth.

Hence, T-beams are always more economical than rectangular beams, In fact, it is the least expensive among the common beam shapes except for box girders used in bridge decks. T-beams have a lesser volume of concrete. Also, they reduce the floor to floor height since the flange is already part of the slab.

2

What is the disadvantage of T-beam?

Disadvantages: – 1. There is a considerable increase in the shear stress at the junction of the flange and the web of the beam due to the change in cross section. So casting should be done very carefully to ensure both are bonded well.2. Since the beam slab is monolithic (rigid), it becomes very weak in resisting lateral shear forces.

What is T-beam in bridge?

​​​ Buncombe County Bridge 240 over the Swannanoa River in Asheville, built by the county in 1920. Reinforced concrete tee beams retain marks of the wooden formwork from when they were cast in place (source: NCDOT bridge inspection files). Tee beam bridges have cast-in-place, reinforced concrete beams with integral deck sections to either side of the tops of the beams.

In cross section the beams are deeper than their deck sections, which produces the T-shape that gives them their names. The primary reinforcing steel is placed longitudinally in the bottom of the beam to resist the tension (the forces that would pull apart) on the beam. The deck that forms the top part of the T-shape is subject to compression (forces that squeeze or push it together).

As concrete resists compression, it is concentrated in the deck along with less substantial reinforcing steel laid across the width of the bridge. The development of the tee beam type in the early 20th century reflected a better understanding by engineers of the forces of compression and tension within reinforced concrete bridges.

The bridges were strong because the reinforcing steel and concrete were placed where they were most needed, and economical because material was not wasted. Tee beams were poured as a unit, regardless of how many parallel beams were required to form the bridge. They were generally used for spans 25- to 60-feet-long, but multiple spans allowed for the construction of long bridges.

The no-longer-standing Tarboro Bridge (Edgecombe County Bridge 24), which was built to carry Tarrboro’s Main Street (N.C.33) over the Tar River in 1931, had 10 equal-sized spans that extended a total of 490 feet. A section of reinforced concrete tee beam, with reinforcing steel shown as black circles (source: FHWA, Bridge Inspector’s Reference Manual, 2012). Tee beams began appearing in the United States between 1905 and 1910 and spread rapidly in the 1910s. Tee beam bridges were first used in North Carolina about 1910 by counties, cities and railroads.

Among the oldest surviving examples are three overpasses built by the Southern Railway from 1917 to 1919 in Bessemer City (Gaston County Bridge 165), Concord (Cabarrus County Bridge 266), and Kings Mountain (Cleveland County Bridge 426). The bridges were part of a project important in the history of the Southern Railway — the realignment, regrading, double-tracking and grade-crossing improvement of the trunk line south from Washington to Atlanta.

The tee beam emerged as one of the most popular designs, with standard plans first prepared in late 1919. Early prototypical examples are scattered throughout the state, many located on pristine sections of bypassed old state routes. The first standard designs consisted of three longitudinal bea​ms.

In the late 1920s the standards were updated for wider roadways, and later examples usually consisted of four or more beams. Tee beams were used ubiquitously through the 1920s and 1930s. They continued to be popular through the 1950s, although they now faced competition from steel stringer technology in the same range of span lengths.

​By the early 1960s the State Highway Department was phasing out the tee beam in favor of prestressed concrete beam bridges. The cast-in-place, tee beam bridges were labor intensive owing to the requisite formwork and they had increasingly high labor costs.