Image Courtesy: BIM6D Consulting & Performance company The construction industry is one of the fastest-growing industries as the skyscrapers are more in demand. The value of the real estate is increasing which is the reason construction companies are now working on designs that are eco-friendly, cover less space yet provide more facilities within an affordable price range.

1. For catering to all these needs, very precise planning is required that can cut the price yet make the structure more appealing.
2. For making all this possible, it is very important to have a proper management system.
3. With the use of technology and by incorporating the betterment management, now things are becoming easier.

A simple yet very effective step in this regard is the development of building information modeling or BIM. Most of the people are not aware of BIM and they just think it is a technology or a 3D figure that is designed before construction. However, BIM is more than just a 3D figure, it is a model with a digital description that addresses the physical project.

BIM has known to be the pivot point for the construction industry so far, it has made the design, construction and the project management easier and more convenient to manage overall. By using BIM, engineers to construction companies are now finding it easier to schedule their work, manage material, estimate the expenditure and look after the operations overall.

Nowadays, constructing a building is not that easy, there is a lot that goes behind constructing just one story or just one part. For a project to run successfully, it requires a detailed evaluation process followed by an effective and timely decision-making process that ensures the best results.

There are so many teams and so many different departments involved in constructing and formulating just a single construction plan that neglecting one department might cost the company a whole project. To overcome this issue specifically, BIM plays a significant role, it helps in making communication easier and streamlines the process by ensuring that contractors and project managers achieve their goal.

BIM And Its Applications Impact on The Construction Industry

The basic idea is that BIM in a company that helps in project management and it just makes the communication between multiple departments within the same working site. This includes the plumbing department, data management department or mechanical department easier to manage.

• Overall, this tool has proven itself to be effective for larger scale as well as for smaller scale construction projects and has brought tremendous results.
• Through the BMI, both parties have complete access to the master model, they can not only inspect the model but also comment and ask for improvements right away.

This further adds up to the process of decision making, keep it streamlined, convenient yet timely and also provides proper growth opportunity to the project manager as the project develops. With the use of BIM, construction companies have improved their business a lot.

They have admitted to improving their collaboration and streamlining their communication by using BIM. Companies can now have better construction cost estimation by just analyzing the model and both parties can properly visualize the project without having it constructed. Just because everything can be visualized before, companies have now improved their coordination and this has also reduced possible clashes between both parties.

At construction sites, this means that the risk factor can be minimized and the cost can be reduced just to make sure that everything takes place just as planned. Note: This is a guest blog by John Smith, who is a civil engineer who writes on construction management.

How does BIM impact the construction industry?

Why is BIM important in construction? – Using Building Information Modelling (BIM) is so important in construction because it’s a holistic process that can improve every aspect of a project. BIM enables design, construction and engineering teams to work together using digital technologies.

Where is BIM used in construction?

Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising recent developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building is digitally constructed. This model, known as a building information model, can be used for planning, design, construction, and operation of the facility.

• It helps architects, engineers, and constructors visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction, or operational issues.
• BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project.
• In this paper, current trends, benefits, possible risks, and future challenges of BIM for the AEC industry are discussed.

The findings of this study provide useful information for AEC industry practitioners considering implementing BIM technology in their projects. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has long sought techniques to decrease project cost, increase productivity and quality, and reduce project delivery time.

• Building information modeling (BIM) offers the potential to achieve these objectives ( Azhar, Nadeem et al.2008 ).
• BIM simulates the construction project in a virtual environment.
• With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building, known as a building information model, is digitally constructed.

When completed, the building information model contains precise geometry and relevant data needed to support the design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities required to realize the building ( Eastman et al.2008 ). After completion, this model can be used for operations and maintenance purposes. Fig.1. Different components of a building information model: MEP = mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (Courtesy of Holder Construction Company, Atlanta, GA). A building information model characterizes the geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, quantities and properties of building elements, cost estimates, material inventories, and project schedule.

1. The model can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle ( Bazjanac 2006 ).
2. As a result, quantities and shared properties of materials can be readily extracted.
3. Scopes of work can be easily isolated and defined.
4. Systems, assemblies, and sequences can be shown in a relative scale within the entire facility or group of facilities.

Construction documents such as drawings, procurement details, submittal processes, and other specifications can be easily interrelated ( Khemlani et al.2006 ). BIM can be viewed as a virtual process that encompasses all aspects, disciplines, and systems of a facility within a single, virtual model, allowing all design team members (owners, architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers) to collaborate more accurately and efficiently than using traditional processes.

As the model is being created, team members are constantly refining and adjusting their portions according to project specifications and design changes to ensure the model is as accurate as possible before the project physically breaks ground ( Carmona and Irwin 2007 ). It is important to note that BIM is not just software; it is a process and software.

BIM means not only using three-dimensional intelligent models but also making significant changes in the workflow and project delivery processes ( Hardin 2009 ). BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project.

It has the potential to promote greater efficiency and harmony among players who, in the past, saw themselves as adversaries ( Azhar, Hein et al.2008 ). BIM also supports the concept of integrated project delivery, which is a novel project delivery approach to integrate people, systems, and business structures and practices into a collaborative process to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of the project life cycle ( Glick and Guggemos 2009 ).

Applications of Building Information Modeling A building information model can be used for the following purposes:

•	Visualization: 3D renderings can be easily generated in house with little additional effort.
•	Fabrication/shop drawings: It is easy to generate shop drawings for various building systems. For example, the sheet metal ductwork shop drawings can be quickly produced once the model is complete.
•	Code reviews: Fire departments and other officials may use these models for their review of building projects.
•	Cost estimating: BIM software has built-in cost estimating features. Material quantities are automatically extracted and updated when any changes are made in the model.
•	Construction sequencing: A building information model can be effectively used to coordinate material ordering, fabrication, and delivery schedules for all building components.
•	Conflict, interference, and collision detection: Because building information models are created to scale in 3D space, all major systems can be instantly and automatically checked for interferences. For example, this process can verify that piping does not intersect with steel beams, ducts, or walls.
•	Forensic analysis: A building information model can be easily adapted to graphically illustrate potential failures, leaks, evacuation plans, and so forth.
•	Facilities management: Facilities management departments can use it for renovations, space planning, and maintenance operations.

The key benefit of a building information model is its accurate geometrical representation of the parts of a building in an integrated data environment ( CRC Construction Innovation 2007 ). Other related benefits are as follows:

•	Faster and more effective processes: Information is more easily shared and can be value-added and reused.
•	Better design: Building proposals can be rigorously analyzed, simulations performed quickly, and performance benchmarked, enabling improved and innovative solutions.
•	Controlled whole-life costs and environmental data: Environmental performance is more predictable, and lifecycle costs are better understood.
•	Better production quality: Documentation output is flexible and exploits automation.
•	Automated assembly: Digital product data can be exploited in downstream processes and used for manufacturing and assembly of structural systems.
•	Better customer service: Proposals are better understood through accurate visualization.
•	Lifecycle data: Requirements, design, construction, and operational information can be used in facilities management.

After gathering data on 32 major projects, Stanford University’s Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering reported the following benefits of BIM (cited in CRC Construction Innovation 2007 ):

•	Up to 40% elimination of unbudgeted change,
•	Cost estimation accuracy within 3% as compared to traditional estimates,
•	Up to 80% reduction in time taken to generate a cost estimate,
•	A savings of up to 10% of the contract value through clash detections, and
•	Up to 7% reduction in project time.

Role of BIM in the AEC Industry: Current and Future Trends In this section, the role of BIM in the AEC industry and its current and future trends are discussed based on the results of two questionnaire surveys. McGraw-Hill Construction ( 2008 ) published a comprehensive market report of BIM’s use in the AEC industry in 2008 and projections for 2009 based on the findings of a questionnaire survey completed by 82 architects, 101 engineers, 80 contractors, and 39 owners (total sample size of 302) in the United States.

•	Architects were the heaviest users of BIM—43% used it on more than 60% of their projects—while contractors were the lightest users, with nearly half (45%) using it on less than 15% of projects and only a quarter (23%) using it on more than 60% of projects.
•	Eighty-two percent of BIM users believed that BIM had a very positive impact on their company’s productivity.
•	Seventy-nine percent of BIM users indicated that the use of BIM improved project outcomes, such as fewer requests for information (RFIs) and decreased field coordination problems.
•	Sixty-six percent of those surveyed believed use of BIM increased their chances of winning projects.
•	Two-third of users mentioned that BIM had at least a moderate impact on their external project practices.
•	Sixty-two percent of BIM users planned to use it on more than 30% of their projects in 2009.

The report predicted that prefabrication capabilities of BIM would be widely used to reduce costs and improve the quality of work put in place. As a whole, BIM adoption was expected to expand within firms and across the AEC industry. Kunz and Gilligan ( 2007 ) conducted a questionnaire survey to determine the value from BIM use and factors that contribute to success.

•	The use of BIM had significantly increased across all phases of design and construction during the past year.
•	BIM users represented all segments of the design and construction industry, and they operated throughout the United States.
•	The major application areas of BIM were construction document development, conceptual design support, and preproject planning services.
•	The use of BIM lowered overall risk distributed with a similar contract structure.
•	At the time of the survey, most companies used BIM for 3D and 4D clash detections and for planning and visualization services.
•	The use of BIM led to increased productivity, better engagement of project staff, and reduced contingencies.
•	A shortage was noted of competent building information modelers in the construction industry, and demand was expected to grow exponentially with time.

The results of these surveys indicate that the AEC industry still relies very much on traditional drawings and practices for conducting its business. At the same time, AEC professionals are realizing the power of BIM for more efficient and intelligent modeling.

Most of the companies using BIM reported in strong favor of this technology. The survey findings indicate that users want a BIM application that not only leverages the powerful documentation and visualization capabilities of a CAD platform but also supports multiple design and management operations. BIM as a technology is still in its formative stage, and solutions in the market are continuing to evolve as they respond to users’ specific needs.

BIM Benefits: Case Studies In the above-mentioned surveys, the AEC industry participants indicated that BIM use resulted in time and cost savings. However, no data were provided to quantify and support these facts. The following four case studies illustrate the cost and time savings realized in developing and using a building information model for the project planning, design, preconstruction, and construction phases.

All the data reported in this section were collected from the Holder Construction Company (HCC), a midsize general contracting company based in Atlanta, Georgia (hereinafter referred to as the general contractor, or GC). Case Study 1: Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn, Atlanta, Georgia The Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn project comprised a mixed-use hotel, retail shops, and a parking deck.

Brief project details are as follows:

•	Project scope: $46 million, 484,000-square-foot hotel and parking structure
•	Delivery method: Construction manager at-risk (CM at-risk)
•	Contract type: Guaranteed maximum price
•	BIM scope: Design coordination, clash detection, and work sequencing
•	BIM cost to project: $90,000, or 0.2% of project budget ($40,000 paid by owner)
•	Cost benefit: Over $200,000 attributed to elimination of clashes
•	Schedule benefit: 1,143 hours saved

Although the project had not been initially designed using BIM technology, beginning in the design development phase, the GC led the project team to develop architectural; structural; and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing models of the proposed facility, as shown in Fig.2, These models were created using detail-level information from subcontractors based on drawings from the designers. Fig.2. Building information models of the Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn Project (Courtesy of Holder Construction Company, Atlanta, GA). After the initial visualization uses, the GC began to use these models for clash detection analysis. This BIM application enabled the GC to identify potential collisions or clashes between various structural and mechanical systems.

1. During the design development phase, 55 clashes were identified, which resulted in a cost avoidance of $124,500.
2. Just this stage alone yielded a net savings of $34,500 based on the original building information model development cost of $90,000.
3. At the construction documents phase, the model was updated and resolved collisions were tracked.

Each critical clash was shared with the design team via the model viewer and a numbered collision log with a record of individual images of each collision per the architectural or structural discipline. The collision cost savings values were based on estimates for making design changes or field modifications had the collision not been detected earlier.

1. More than 590 clashes were detected before actual construction began.
2. The overall cost savings based on the 590 collisions detected throughout the project was estimated at $801,565, as shown in Table 1,
3. For calculating net cost savings, a conservative approach was adopted by assuming that 75% of the identified collisions can be detected through conventional practices (e.g., sequential composite overlay process using light tables) before actual construction begins.

Thus, the net adjusted cost savings was roughly considered to be $200,392. Table 1. An Illustration of Cost and Time Savings via Building Information Modeling in the Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn Project During the construction phase, subcontractors also made use of these models for various installations. Finally, the GC’s commitment to updating the model to reflect as-built conditions provided the owner a digital 3D model of the building and its various systems to help aid operation and maintenance procedures down the road.

1. In a nutshell, the Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn project realized some excellent benefits through the use of BIM technology and certainly exceeded the expectations of the owner and other project team members.
2. The cost benefits to the owner were significant, and the unknown costs that were avoided through collaboration, visualization, understanding, and identification of conflicts early were in addition to the reported savings.

After this project, the architect and GC began to use BIM technology on all major projects, and the owner used the developed building information model for sales and marketing presentations ( Azhar and Richter 2009 ). Case Study 2: Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia This case study illustrates the use of BIM at the project planning phase to perform options analysis (value analysis) for selecting the most economical and workable building layout.

•	Project: Higher education facility, Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia
•	Cost: $12 million
•	Delivery method: CM at-risk, guaranteed maximum price
•	BIM scope: Planning, value analysis
•	BIM cost to project: $5,000
•	Cost benefit: $1,995,000

For this project, the GC coordinated with the architect and the owner at the predesign phase to prepare building information models of three different design options. For each option, the BIM-based cost estimates were also prepared using three different cost scenarios (budgeted, midrange, and high range), as shown in Fig.3,

• The owner was able to walk through all the virtual models to decide the best option that fit his requirements.
• Several collaborative 3D viewing sessions were arranged for this purpose.
• These collaborative viewing sessions also improved communications and trust between stakeholders and enabled rapid decision making early in the process.

The entire process took 2 weeks, and the owner achieved roughly $1,995,000 cost savings at the predesign stage by selecting the most economical design option. Although it could be argued that the owner may have reached the same conclusion using traditional drawings, the use of BIM technology helped him make a quick, definitive, and well-informed decision. Fig.3. Scope and budget options for the Savannah State Academic Building: GSF = gross square foot; sf = square foot (Courtesy of Holder Construction Company, Atlanta, GA). Case Study 3: The Mansion on Peachtree, Atlanta, Georgia The Mansion on Peachtree is a five-star mixed-use hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. The project details are as follows:

•	Cost: $111 million
•	Schedule: 29 months (construction)
•	Delivery method: CM at-risk, guaranteed maximum price
•	BIM scope: Planning, construction documentation
•	BIM cost to project: $1,440
•	Cost benefit: $15,000

It was a fast-track project, and the GC identified the following issues at the project planning phase:

•	Incomplete design and documents,
•	Multiple uncoordinated consultants,
•	Field construction ahead of design,
•	Constant design development, and
•	Owner’s frequent scope changes.

The biggest challenge was how to maintain schedule and ensure quality with incomplete and uncoordinated design and how to minimize risk and rework. The project team decided to use BIM for project planning and coordination. First, contract documents were analyzed to flush out discrepancies and identify missing items.

1. Then coordinated shop drawings were prepared via model extractions.
2. These shop drawings were reviewed with the design team to resolve any conflicts and issue a field use set to subcontractors for coordination and construction.
3. Initially, the project designers presented two finishing options (brick vs.

precast) to the owner, as shown in Fig.4(a), Via BIM viewer software, the owner visually compared both options and selected the precast one based on appearance and cost. Then, based on the project drawings, the GC prepared the 3D interior elevations to clarify interior details, as illustrated in Fig.4(b), Fig.4. Use of BIM in the Mansion on Peachtree Project (Courtesy of Holder Construction Company, Atlanta, GA). Case Study 4: Emory Psychology Building, Atlanta, GA The Emory Psychology Building is a LEED-certified, 110,000-square-foot facility on the campus of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

•	Cost: $35 million
•	Schedule: 16 months
•	Delivery method: CM at-risk, guaranteed maximum price
•	BIM scope: Sustainability analyses
•	BIM cost to project and cost benefit: n/a

The project architect developed the building information model of the facility at the early design phase to determine the best building orientation and evaluate various skin options such as masonry, curtain wall, and window styles, as shown in Fig.5,

The building information model was also used to perform daylight studies, which, in effect, helped to decide the final positioning of the building on the site. To achieve this, views of the facility were established within BIM software using the software’s sun positioning feature. Subsequently, shading and lighting studies and right-to-light studies were conducted to determine the effects of the sun throughout the year and the effects of the facility on surrounding buildings.

Right-to-light studies were also conducted to evaluate lighting conditions at the proposed facility’s courtyard space and those spaces adjacent to the courtyard. Fig.5. Use of BIM for options analysis and sun studies in the Emory Psychology Building (Courtesy of Holder Construction Company, Atlanta, GA). As a direct result of these studies, the building’s design was adjusted as follows:

•	Window openings on the west façade were reduced.
•	The penthouse, which is located on the roof of the building, was reduced in overall square footage.
•	The overall height of the building was reduced.

As all of these design adjustments were able to be incorporated during the design phase, the analyses prevented costly and time-consuming redesign at later stages in the project life cycle. BIM Return on Investment Analysis The return on investment (ROI) analysis is one of the many ways to evaluate a proposed investment.

It compares the gain anticipated (or achieved) from an investment against the cost of the investment (i.e., ROI = earning/cost). ROI is typically used to evaluate many types of corporate investments, from research and development projects to training programs to fixed asset purchases ( Autodesk 2007 ).

The McGraw-Hill Construction ( 2008 ) survey of AEC industry participants indicated that 48% of respondents were tracking BIM ROI at a moderate level or above. It also found that the initial system cost did not seem to be a problem. Doubling the system cost could reduce ROI only by up to 20% ( Autodesk 2007 ). Table 2. Building Information Modeling Return on Investment Analysis As evident from Table 2, the BIM ROI for different projects varied from 140% to 39,900%. On average, it was 1,633% for all projects and 634% for projects without a planning or value analysis phase.

Because of the large data spread, it is hard to conclude a specific range for BIM ROI. The probable reason for this spread is the varying scope of BIM in different projects. In some projects, BIM savings were measured using “real” construction phase “direct” collision detection cost avoidance, and in other projects, savings were computed using “planning” or “value analysis” phase cost avoidance.

Also, none of these cost figures account for indirect, design, construction, or owner administrative or other “second wave” cost savings that were realized as a result of BIM implementation. Hence, the actual BIM ROI can be far greater than reported here.

1. BIM Risks BIM risks can be divided into two broad categories: legal (or contractual) and technical.
2. In the following paragraphs, key risks in each category are briefly discussed.
3. The first risk is the lack of determination of ownership of the BIM data and the need to protect it through copyright laws and other legal channels.

For example, if the owner is paying for the design, then the owner may feel entitled to own it, but if team members are providing proprietary information for use on the project, their proprietary information needs to be protected as well. Thus, there is no simple answer to the question of data ownership; it requires a unique response for every project depending on the participants’ needs.

The goal is to avoid inhibitions or disincentives that discourage participants from fully realizing the model’s potential ( Thompson 2001 ). To prevent disagreement over copyright issues, the best solution is to set forth in the contract documents ownership rights and responsibilities ( Rosenberg 2007 ).

When project team members other than the owner and architect/engineer contribute data that are integrated into the building information model, licensing issues can arise. For example, equipment and material vendors offer designs associated with their products for the convenience of the lead designer in hopes of inducing the designer to specify the vendor’s equipment.

• While this practice might be good for business, licensing issues can arise if the designs were not produced by a designer licensed in the location of the project ( Thompson and Miner 2007 ).
• Another contractual issue to address is who will control the entry of data into the model and be responsible for any inaccuracies.

Taking responsibility for updating building information model data and ensuring its accuracy entails a great deal of risk. Requests for complicated indemnities by BIM users and the offer of limited warranties and disclaimers of liability by designers are essential negotiation points that need to be resolved before BIM technology is used.

It also requires more time spent inputting and reviewing BIM data, which is a new cost in the design and project administration process. Although these new costs may be dramatically offset by efficiency and schedule gains, they are still a cost that someone on the project team will incur. Thus, before BIM technology can be fully used, not only must the risks of its use be identified and allocated, but the cost of its implementation must be paid for as well ( Thompson and Miner 2007 ).

The integrated concept of BIM blurs the level of responsibility so much that risk and liability are likely to be enhanced. Consider the scenario in which the owner of the building files suit over a perceived design error. The architect, engineers, and other contributors to the BIM process look to each other in an effort to try to determine who had responsibility for the matter raised.

• If disagreement ensues, the lead professional not only will be responsible as a matter of law to the claimant but may have difficulty proving fault with others such as the engineers ( Rosenberg 2007 ).
• As the dimensions of cost and schedule are layered onto the building information model, responsibility for the proper technological interface among various programs becomes an issue.

Many sophisticated contracting teams require subcontractors to submit detailed critical path method schedules and cost breakdowns itemized by line items of work prior to the start of the project. The general contractor then compiles the data, creating a master schedule and cost breakdown for the entire project.

When the subcontractors and prime contractor use the same software, the integration can be fluid. In cases where the data are incomplete or are submitted in a variety of scheduling and costing programs, a team member—usually a general contractor or construction manager—must re-enter and update a master scheduling and costing program.

That program may be a BIM module or another program that is integrated with the building information model. At present, most of these project management tools have been developed in isolation. Responsibility for the accuracy and coordination of cost and scheduling data must be contractually addressed ( Thompson and Miner 2007 ).

One of the most effective ways to deal with these risks is to have collaborative, integrated project delivery contracts in which the risks of using BIM are shared among the project participants along with the rewards. Recently, the American Institute of Architects released an exhibit on BIM to help project participants define their BIM development plan for integrated project delivery ( Building Design and Construction 2008 ).

This exhibit may assist project participants in defining model management arrangements, as well as authorship, ownership, and level-of-development requirements, at various project phases. BIM Future Challenges The productivity and economic benefits of BIM to the AEC industry are widely acknowledged and increasingly well understood.

1.	The need for well-defined transactional construction process models to eliminate data interoperability issues,
2.	The requirement that digital design data be computable, and
3.	The need for well-developed practical strategies for the purposeful exchange and integration of meaningful information among the building information model components.

The management issues cluster around the implementation and use of BIM. Right now, there is no clear consensus on how to implement or use BIM. Unlike many other construction practices, there is no single BIM document providing instruction on its application and use ( Associated General Contractors of America 2005 ).

• Furthermore, little progress has been made in establishing model BIM contract documents ( Post 2009 ).
• Several software firms are cashing in on the “buzz” of BIM and have programs to address certain quantitative aspects of it, but they do not treat the process as a whole.
• There is a need to standardize the BIM process and to define guidelines for its implementation.

Another contentious issue among the AEC industry stakeholders (i.e., owners, designers, and constructors) is who should develop and operate the building information models and how the developmental and operational costs should be distributed. To optimize BIM performance, either companies or vendors, or both, will have to find a way to lessen the learning curve of BIM trainees.

Software vendors have a larger hurdle of producing a quality product that customers will find reliable and manageable and that will meet the expectations set by the advertisements. Additionally, the industry will have to develop acceptable processes and policies that promote BIM use and govern today’s issues of ownership and risk management ( Post 2009 ).

Researchers and practitioners have to develop suitable solutions to overcome these challenges and other associated risks. As a number of researchers, practitioners, software vendors, and professional organizations are working hard to resolve these challenges, it is expected that the use of BIM will continue to increase in the AEC industry.

In the past, facilities managers have been included in the building planning process in a very limited way, implementing maintenance strategies based on the as-built condition at the time the owner takes possession. In the future, BIM modeling may allow facilities managers to enter the picture at a much earlier stage, in which they can influence the design and construction.

The visual nature of BIM allows all stakeholders to get important information, including tenants, service agents, and maintenance personnel, before the building is completed. Finding the right time to include these people will undoubtedly be a challenge for owners.

1. Conclusions Building information modeling is emerging as an innovative way to virtually design and manage projects.
2. Predictability of building performance and operation is greatly improved by adopting BIM.
3. As the use of BIM accelerates, collaboration within project teams should increase, which will lead to improved profitability, reduced costs, better time management, and improved customer–client relationships.

As shown in this paper, average BIM ROI for projects under study was 634%, which clearly depicts its potential economic benefits. At the same time, teams implementing BIM should be very careful about the legal pitfalls, which include data ownership and associated proprietary issues and risk sharing.

Such issues must be addressed up front in the contract documents. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. This integration has the potential to bring about greater efficiency and harmony among players who all too often in the past saw themselves as adversaries.

As in most paradigm shifts, there will undoubtedly be risks. Perhaps one of the greatest risks is the potential elimination of an important check and balance mechanism inherent in the current paradigm. An adversarial stance often brings a more critical review of the project in a kind of mutual guarding of each participant’s own interests.

In the early stages of BIM, constructors worked from architectural plans since digital models were not shared by architects with contractors. The construction modelers inevitably discovered errors and inconsistencies in the plans as they created the building information models. This brought about a natural redundancy as the construction model put the design to this virtual building test.

With a more trustful sharing of architectural drawings, which can easily be imported and serve as the basis for the building information model, there may be a loss of this critical checking phase. In other words, when all players see themselves as being on the same team, they may cease to look for and find mistakes in each other’s work.

Why BIM is important in construction?

BIM Benefits | Why Use BIM? According to the UN, by 2050 the world’s population will be 9.7 billion. The global AEC industry must look to smarter, more efficient ways to design and build not just as a means to keep up with global demand but to help create spaces that are smarter and more resilient too.

Who Uses BIM & When and where is BIM used?

3. Who uses BIM? – The list below is not comprehensive because many companies now employ BIM for a variety of purposes; nevertheless, it is a good start:

• Architects use BIM software such as ArchiCAD and Revit to create three-dimensional models in order to be more efficient in their design activities, optimize buildability, and manage a lot of construction data throughout the development process.
• Engineers use tools like Tekla to create BIM and analysis tools like ETABS to check the structural integrity of a BIM.
• Contractors use BIM to create Clash Detection reports using BIM tools like BIMTrack, BIMCollab, Dalux, NavisWorks, and Revizto, They also plan/track construction logistics using 4D simulations with tools like Synchro, communicate building progress, verify compliance with construction documents, and create as-built 3D models with data for handing over to the owner,
• Building Owners use BIM software like FM:Systems and Autodesk Tandem to collect building data and many others to manage building performance, energy consumption, and life cycle analysis – more on that in my Digital Twins blogs ! 😃

So we can see that there are a lot of different authoring and BIM performance/BIM analysis software tools that can help review models – here’s a team using some BIM tools during a collaboration workshop: A team from Arup using Building Information Modeling – showing Revit in 2D and 3D You might be wondering what in the world all of that means and how teams can actually implement BIM. Let me dig into a little more about the practical implementation and potential challenges.

What are some applications of BIM in construction management?

The Application of Building Information Modeling in Construction BIM technology can use several techniques to provide support, that is, construction simulation, information statistics, so that the management of the various processes is reflected in the contents of the visual, which can strengthen the management of its control.

• BIM technology for quality management, in addition to the product itself can reflect the quality management, but also to the process of technical quality management.
• BIM technology application on the one hand can make the real-time monitoring for the construction process, on the other hand, managers can be established through this technology module needed to find their own equipment and other related information for the first time, and compare products and construction sites.

The technology can play a very good role in ensuring the quality of construction. Models allowed more information storage, which led to more efficient communication regarding changes. Better, faster understanding of potential changes was possible, even in the midst of on-site work.

1. BIM creates efficiency and users will get several benefits.
2. You will realize some of the greatest value of through its potential to cut down on rework, such as re-keying information into models or making changes in the field.
3. Different applications of Building Information Modeling used in construction Building Information Modeling in Structural Engineering BIM models are 3D geometric encoded, in diverse proprietary formats with the potential to add time and cost data attached to them.

That is, the core concept of BIM relies on providing object-oriented digital representations of buildings in the form of data-rich models and enabling simulation and analysis of these models for design / construction / operation purposes. BIM software incorporates the three required capabilities needed for structural engineering: geometry, material properties, and loading conditions for an analysis. Building Information Modeling in Structural Engineering Building Information Modeling in Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete design and rebar detailing can now be designed and modelled in 3D. By using rebar detailing software, every structural member can be designed, documented, tracked and controlled.

• With the right rebar detailing solution, structural calculations can be imported from structural analysis programs allowing an efficient and precise reinforcement model to be created.
• Three-dimensional rebar cages can be designed, allowing rebar drawings, details, and lists to be automated for increased productivity.

Automation also makes changes to the rebar detailing and updates to drawings and schedules swift and simple, unlike manual changes to 2D views and sections. With BIM models, quantity survey and estimation have become easy with information available such as Unit Costs, Order of Magnitude Estimates, Square Foot and Cubic Foot Estimates. Building Information Modeling in Reinforced Concrete Building Information Modeling in Precast Concrete The digital model holds all the information that construction professionals need to design, construct and maintain that building. The information within the digital model grows with an increasing level of detail so that it reflects the building as it is built and then ultimately as it is used.

Currently Prefabricators includes steel and precast concrete updates their design flow to include BIM widely on their design process to facilitate issuance of fabrication drawings, coordination as the most issue in the precast concrete production that saves time and effort doing early coordination when all project team understands the flow, connection design and how the precast elements looks like.Whether it be slabs, walls or façades with BIM models helps to understand requirements in precast construction.

It enables simple and rapid planning of complex precast parts with shop drawing technology. Building Information Modeling in Precast Concrete Building Information Modeling in Architecture design BIM does more than just offer architects a glimpse at the building’s physical features. It’s a shared knowledge resource where architects and collaborators can store all of their ideas and make complex calculations on the fly.

1. Modern architects are using this workflow to design high-performance buildings that are efficient and forward-thinking.
2. It takes less time for us to design a building.
3. This means that you can start the construction process earlier.
4. Moreover, the design is a database, That evolves over time and is leveraged to make more informed decisions earlier in the design process.

Using BIM, one can observe the life-cycle facility management view. This display shows anticipated operational costs for the building once it’s complete. This allows architects to make wise design decisions that will lead to greater cost savings and simpler building maintenance for you in the future. Building Information Modeling in Architecture design Building Information Modeling in Infrastructure BIM can enhance and improve the planning process, design, and construction of projects by offering a novel approach to design, construction, and facility management, in which a digital representation of the infrastructure process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format.

1. BIM in infrastructure projects improves outcomes with its ability to investigate multiple scenarios, providing data-driven assurance that projects can be delivered on schedule and budget.
2. Models are designed to cater to all disciplines within the civil engineering industry including Road, Rail, Drainage, Utilities etc.

The information used in this initial stage of planning evolves in various steps. In the design part, you will obtain virtual models that are constructible, and then these models will serve as the prospective database to carry out the maintenance of the asset in a more efficient way. Building Information Modeling in Infrastructure Building Information Modeling in Joint connection of buildings For modeling processes of some software, the connecting detail of structures joints defaults which means that the connecting detail is invisible.

But provide convenient and humanized support for Joints Design. Besides, it also supports the Manual Input Joints Parameters and Intelligentized Generation Joints Parameters which make the Model Building Approach more convenient. After the date reading, automatic checking can calculate the subsequent installation issues of construction in advance.

The detailed building of the 3D Model will ensure the subsequent duration analysis and detailed design. It is more convenient for the process of modeling by generating intelligent joint parameters. Building Information Modeling in Joint connection of buildings Building Information Modeling in Project life cycle assessment The lifecycle of a building project, from design through inception and facility management, comprises multiple project management processes where data and information are defined and generated.

To support processes throughout the project lifecycle, there needs to be a method of structuring and storing information that takes into account information needs at later project processes. The benefit of a structured information system based upon process information needs is explored as to how it can enhance the use of information within a BIM to support lifecycle processes.

The use of Building Information Models (BIMs) conceptualizes lifecycle management principles with the use of information-rich digital models to exchange information between parties in support of the lifecycle of a project. Building Information Modeling in Project life cycle assessment Building Information Modeling in Work Task Information Framework Work Task Information Framework is proposed to integrate workflow/work tasks with geometric assemblies and various information categories.

The assembly classification consists of three levels: Assembly (e.g. Foundations), Sub-Assembly (e.g. Footings and Foundation), and Construction Types (e.g. Cast-in-Place Concrete Walls). The information categories for each Construction Type are the same, though the information they store may vary. Work Tasks and Means & Methods help define the items of information in each category and the structure of sub-categories.

The Material Take-off, Estimate, Resources, Schedule, and Material Procurement categories organize information based upon the Work Tasks that are associated with the construction type classification. Building Information Modeling in Work Task Information Framework GIS and Building Information Modeling Integration BIM when integrated also provides insight into flood-prone areas and gives designers accurate information to influence a structure’s location, orientation, and even construction materials. GIS and Building Information Modeling Integration Building Information Modeling in MEP Building Information Modeling helps MEP professionals design, detail, and document building systems more efficiently. Working in a BIM process gives project teams more insight into designs and constructability, reducing risk and improving outcomes.These solutions streamline the design, modeling, documentation, and construction of these systems and ensure they integrate seamlessly with the building it’s being placed into. Building Information Modeling in MEP In totality BIM can be used for-

Better Collaboration and CommunicationModel-Based Cost EstimationStructural analysisStructural design3D modeling constructionIncreased Productivity and PrefabricationDesign structural steelSteel structure detailingCreation of 3D, 4D and 5D BIM servicesExtraction of structural componentsHigh-quality construction documentsClash detection and risk mitigationImproved Scheduling/Sequencing

Conclusion BIM not only allows design and construction teams to work more efficiently, but it allows them to capture the data they create during the process to benefit operations and maintenance activities. BIM data can also inform planning and resourcing on the project, city or country level.

What does BIM mean in construction?

BIM model of Randselva Bridge, the world’s longest bridge built with BIM models only – no drawings. Across the world, BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a crucial and even mandated process to ensure the planning, design, and construction of buildings is highly efficient and collaborative. Using a level 3 BIM model for digital clash detection— one of the primary uses cases for BIM. It can also span into the operation and management of buildings using data that building or structure owners have access to (hence the Building Information Management).

What are the impacts of BIM on project performance?

PRODUCTIVITY GAINS Primarily, BIM realises this gain through its ability to: I minimise project management I foster communication and co-ordination I identify errors early I reduce rework I reduce costs I improve quality.

How does BIM improve sustainability in construction?

1. Greater transparency to reduce waste – BIM fosters a more transparent process at the design phase, using advanced analysis to predict a building’s operational performance even before it is built. Designers can use this information to drive the efficiency of the building from the outset, introducing energy efficiency measures at every stage of the lifecycle.

How does BIM improve building quality?

Is BIM the solution to construction’s quality issues? – BIM+ David Philp outlines the role digital technologies can have on improving quality in the built environment. Competitive advantage is increasingly related to maximising customer experience and improved productivity.

1. As such, the quality of our work, particularly in the built environment, extends into a quality customer service provision, which relates very clearly to quality of life, enhancing our communities and stimulating our economy.
2. Productivity and quality are not mutually exclusive, as Dr Deming (the originator of Total Quality Management) noted: “Improve quality, you automatically improve productivity.” Tragically, events such as the Grenfell fire, the falling masonry at Oxgangs Primary School in Edinburgh and most recently the Miami bridge collapse have put the lens firmly over construction quality and forced us to have a long hard look in the mirror to reflect on how we are performing.

Worryingly, according to research by the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) more than three-quarters of construction professionals believe the industry’s current management of quality is inadequate. It is essential therefore that as professionals we must all do our utmost to close the gap – but how? Are applied technologies the redeemer of these issues? If we have learned anything from our BIM journey in the UK then it is evident that there is no silver (technology) bullet.

• We discovered quickly that any turning of the improvement dial needs to be holistic and that a convergence of capable people, collaborative processes and then supporting technology tools is crucial.
• It also necessitates a wrapper of unifying “purpose” and I cannot stress enough how important that is: having a clear north star is essential to better quality service provision.
• However, BIM, associated technologies, collaborative working processes and more important, accurate structured data, can undoubtedly significantly help the quality agenda.
• BIM lets us prototype a built asset in a virtual environment before it hits the site, ensuring that the design is coordinated, interfaces are managed, buildability is tested and, through a soft landings process, maintainability is simulated.

This is only effective, however, if we use BIM and other virtual design and construct (VDC) applications as a means of bringing teams around the project information models to enhance communication, interrogate and refine the solutions. This proposition can be enhanced by the use of increasingly common immersive technologies such as AR/VR.

1. While still maturing, we can also use rule-based model checking of the designs for compliance, especially from a regulatory perspective.
2. It is likely that regulatory technologies (reg tech) will continue to develop and it is not unreasonable in the near future to see it becoming a mandatory part of our statutory processes.

With current regulations and guidance seen as too complex, confusing and open to misinterpretation, digitisation of this process with better user interface and better decision making would significantly improve the current system. Parametric BIM objects can also have a role to play when they have been robustly tested and refined.

Tacit knowledge can be infused into these objects by creating simple lessons-learned videos by those that have installed or maintained the physical versions of these systems or products. Manufacturers can significantly contribute here with high-quality digital product data sheets and installation information such as virtual method statements.

Complementary BIM technologies are already helping, especially in the construction verification process, with a move to continuous data capture of what is actually being assembled on site and the creation of laser scans or, increasingly, 360-degree site photogrammetry linked to the model.

1. These tools can help assist the site supervisory teams better analyse what is actually being built against the specification on projects which are becoming ever more complex.
2. Having the specification linked to the model will also improve quality assurance functionality through improved clarity and accessibility.

We should also give a massive shout out to Level 1 BIM and its common data environment (CDE) foundation plank. Whilst is it is seen by many as being a cliché, the “single source of truth” for all project information is really important to the quality agenda where everyone can search and find indexed and validated information using laptops or mobile devices no matter where they are.

1. Getting the basics right, without fail is essential.
2. Doing Level 1 BIM well, therefore, is non-negotiable.
3. For clients that own and operate an estate, BIM plays a massive part in the quality process especially in the event of non-sequential trigger events where it may be necessary to determine across the estate if a particular problematic product or detail has been used.

Other than sending surveyors out on the road or searching through volume after volume of ring binders a simple query should pull together automatically the appropriate information based on computer readable high-quality data with appropriate classifications and meta data.

1. Couple this with BIM as a means of optimising standardisation and rationalisation and there is a powerful method of working to unlock these benefits and mitigate the quality risks inherent in traditional labour-intensive ways of building.
2. Looking forward, advanced technologies such as distributed ledgers will also help the industry move from procurement based largely on capital price tags, where quality issues are prevalent, to whole life outcome-based contracts where quality is inherently incentivised.
3. In conclusion innovation and technology can and will improve the way we create and maintain our built assets, but we will still be dependent on a skilled and competent workforce with a desire to create high-quality outcomes.

Convergence between good behaviours and innovative technologies is essential and the ultimate test will be in user satisfaction. Poor quality, poor outcomes in our built environment are simply not acceptable – we all owe it to the society we serve to get it right, let’s not waste this crisis.

What is BIM and its benefits?

BIM Benefits | Why Use BIM? The benefits of BIM are through connecting teams, workflows and data across the entire project lifecycle – from design and engineering to construction and operations – to realise better ways of working and better outcomes.

How does BIM improve sustainability in construction?

1. Greater transparency to reduce waste – BIM fosters a more transparent process at the design phase, using advanced analysis to predict a building’s operational performance even before it is built. Designers can use this information to drive the efficiency of the building from the outset, introducing energy efficiency measures at every stage of the lifecycle.

How BIM can improve productivity in construction?

PRODUCTIVITY GAINS Primarily, BIM realises this gain through its ability to: I minimise project management I foster communication and co-ordination I identify errors early I reduce rework I reduce costs I improve quality.

How does BIM improve building quality?

Is BIM the solution to construction’s quality issues? – BIM+ David Philp outlines the role digital technologies can have on improving quality in the built environment. Competitive advantage is increasingly related to maximising customer experience and improved productivity.

1. As such, the quality of our work, particularly in the built environment, extends into a quality customer service provision, which relates very clearly to quality of life, enhancing our communities and stimulating our economy.
2. Productivity and quality are not mutually exclusive, as Dr Deming (the originator of Total Quality Management) noted: “Improve quality, you automatically improve productivity.” Tragically, events such as the Grenfell fire, the falling masonry at Oxgangs Primary School in Edinburgh and most recently the Miami bridge collapse have put the lens firmly over construction quality and forced us to have a long hard look in the mirror to reflect on how we are performing.

Worryingly, according to research by the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) more than three-quarters of construction professionals believe the industry’s current management of quality is inadequate. It is essential therefore that as professionals we must all do our utmost to close the gap – but how? Are applied technologies the redeemer of these issues? If we have learned anything from our BIM journey in the UK then it is evident that there is no silver (technology) bullet.

• We discovered quickly that any turning of the improvement dial needs to be holistic and that a convergence of capable people, collaborative processes and then supporting technology tools is crucial.
• It also necessitates a wrapper of unifying “purpose” and I cannot stress enough how important that is: having a clear north star is essential to better quality service provision.
• However, BIM, associated technologies, collaborative working processes and more important, accurate structured data, can undoubtedly significantly help the quality agenda.
• BIM lets us prototype a built asset in a virtual environment before it hits the site, ensuring that the design is coordinated, interfaces are managed, buildability is tested and, through a soft landings process, maintainability is simulated.

This is only effective, however, if we use BIM and other virtual design and construct (VDC) applications as a means of bringing teams around the project information models to enhance communication, interrogate and refine the solutions. This proposition can be enhanced by the use of increasingly common immersive technologies such as AR/VR.

While still maturing, we can also use rule-based model checking of the designs for compliance, especially from a regulatory perspective. It is likely that regulatory technologies (reg tech) will continue to develop and it is not unreasonable in the near future to see it becoming a mandatory part of our statutory processes.

With current regulations and guidance seen as too complex, confusing and open to misinterpretation, digitisation of this process with better user interface and better decision making would significantly improve the current system. Parametric BIM objects can also have a role to play when they have been robustly tested and refined.

Tacit knowledge can be infused into these objects by creating simple lessons-learned videos by those that have installed or maintained the physical versions of these systems or products. Manufacturers can significantly contribute here with high-quality digital product data sheets and installation information such as virtual method statements.

Complementary BIM technologies are already helping, especially in the construction verification process, with a move to continuous data capture of what is actually being assembled on site and the creation of laser scans or, increasingly, 360-degree site photogrammetry linked to the model.

These tools can help assist the site supervisory teams better analyse what is actually being built against the specification on projects which are becoming ever more complex. Having the specification linked to the model will also improve quality assurance functionality through improved clarity and accessibility.

We should also give a massive shout out to Level 1 BIM and its common data environment (CDE) foundation plank. Whilst is it is seen by many as being a cliché, the “single source of truth” for all project information is really important to the quality agenda where everyone can search and find indexed and validated information using laptops or mobile devices no matter where they are.

Getting the basics right, without fail is essential. Doing Level 1 BIM well, therefore, is non-negotiable. For clients that own and operate an estate, BIM plays a massive part in the quality process especially in the event of non-sequential trigger events where it may be necessary to determine across the estate if a particular problematic product or detail has been used.

Other than sending surveyors out on the road or searching through volume after volume of ring binders a simple query should pull together automatically the appropriate information based on computer readable high-quality data with appropriate classifications and meta data.

1. Couple this with BIM as a means of optimising standardisation and rationalisation and there is a powerful method of working to unlock these benefits and mitigate the quality risks inherent in traditional labour-intensive ways of building.
2. Looking forward, advanced technologies such as distributed ledgers will also help the industry move from procurement based largely on capital price tags, where quality issues are prevalent, to whole life outcome-based contracts where quality is inherently incentivised.
3. In conclusion innovation and technology can and will improve the way we create and maintain our built assets, but we will still be dependent on a skilled and competent workforce with a desire to create high-quality outcomes.

Convergence between good behaviours and innovative technologies is essential and the ultimate test will be in user satisfaction. Poor quality, poor outcomes in our built environment are simply not acceptable – we all owe it to the society we serve to get it right, let’s not waste this crisis.