What Is Bone Cement Made Up Of?

What Is Bone Cement Made Up Of
Composition – Bone cements are provided as two-component materials. Bone cements consist of a powder (i.e., pre-polymerized PMMA and or PMMA or MMA co-polymer beads and or amorphous powder, radio-opacifier, initiator) and a liquid (MMA monomer, stabilizer, inhibitor).

  • The two components are mixed and a free radical polymerization occurs of the monomer when the initiator is mixed with the accelerator.
  • The bone cement viscosity changes over time from a runny liquid into a dough like state that can be safely applied and then finally hardens into solid hardened material.

The set time can be tailored to help the physician safely apply the bone cement into the bone bed to either anchor metal or plastic prosthetic device to bone or used alone in the spine to treat osteoporotic compression fractures. Bone cement heats up during the exothermic free-radical polymerization process, which reaches temperatures of around 82–86 °C in the body, a temperature higher than the critical level for protein denaturation in the body.

This low polymerization temperature is determined by the relatively thin cement coating, which should not exceed 5 mm, and the temperature dissipation via the large prosthesis surface and the flow of blood. The individual components of the bone cement are also known in the area of dental filler materials.

Acrylate -based plastics are also used in these applications. While the individual components are not always perfectly safe as pharmaceutical additives and active substances per se, as bone cement the individual substances are either converted or fully enclosed in the cement matrix during the polymerization phase from the increase in viscosity to curing.

From current knowledge, cured bone cement can now be classified as safe, as originally demonstrated during the early studies on compatibility with the body conducted in the 1950s. More recently bone cement has been used in the spine in either vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty procedures. The composition of these types of cement is mostly based on calcium phosphate and more recently magnesium phosphate.

SetBone Medical’s novel bone cement

A novel biodegradable, non-exothermic, self-setting orthopedic cement composition based on amorphous magnesium phosphate (AMP) was developed. The occurrence of undesirable exothermic reactions was avoided through using AMP as the solid precursor.

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What is bone cement?

Bone cements have been used very successfully to anchor artificial joints ( hip joints, knee joints, shoulder and elbow joints ) for more than half a century. Artificial joints (referred to as prostheses) are anchored with bone cement. The bone cement fills the free space between the prosthesis and the bone and plays the important role of an elastic zone.

This is necessary because the human hip is acted on by approximately 10–12 times the body weight and therefore the bone cement must absorb the forces acting on the hips to ensure that the artificial implant remains in place over the long term. Bone cement chemically is nothing more than Plexiglas (i.e.

polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA). PMMA was used clinically for the first time in the 1940s in plastic surgery to close gaps in the skull. Comprehensive clinical tests of the compatibility of bone cements with the body were conducted before their use in surgery,

  1. The excellent tissue compatibility of PMMA allowed bone cements to be used for anchorage of head prostheses in the 1950s.
  2. Today several million procedures of this type are conducted every year all over the world and more than half of them routinely use bone cements – and the proportion is increasing.

Bone cement is considered a reliable anchorage material with its ease of use in clinical practice and particularly because of its proven long survival rate with cemented-in prostheses. Hip and knee registers for artificial joint replacements such as those in Sweden and Norway clearly demonstrate the advantages of cemented-in anchorage.

A similar register for endoprosthesis was introduced in Germany in 2010. Synthetic, self-curing organic or inorganic material used to fill up a cavity or to create a mechanical fixation. Note 1: In situ self-curing can be the source of released reagents that can cause local and/or systemic toxicity as in the case of the monomer released from methacrylics-based bone cement used in orthopedic surgery.

Note 2: In dentistry, polymer-based cements are also used as fillers of cavities. They are generally cured photochemically using UV radiation in contrast to bone cements.

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What is the difference between bone cement and polymer cement?

Bone cements have been used very successfully to anchor artificial joints ( hip joints, knee joints, shoulder and elbow joints ) for more than half a century. Artificial joints (referred to as prostheses) are anchored with bone cement. The bone cement fills the free space between the prosthesis and the bone and plays the important role of an elastic zone.

  1. This is necessary because the human hip is acted on by approximately 10–12 times the body weight and therefore the bone cement must absorb the forces acting on the hips to ensure that the artificial implant remains in place over the long term.
  2. Bone cement chemically is nothing more than Plexiglas (i.e.

polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA). PMMA was used clinically for the first time in the 1940s in plastic surgery to close gaps in the skull. Comprehensive clinical tests of the compatibility of bone cements with the body were conducted before their use in surgery,

The excellent tissue compatibility of PMMA allowed bone cements to be used for anchorage of head prostheses in the 1950s. Today several million procedures of this type are conducted every year all over the world and more than half of them routinely use bone cements – and the proportion is increasing.

Bone cement is considered a reliable anchorage material with its ease of use in clinical practice and particularly because of its proven long survival rate with cemented-in prostheses. Hip and knee registers for artificial joint replacements such as those in Sweden and Norway clearly demonstrate the advantages of cemented-in anchorage.

  1. A similar register for endoprosthesis was introduced in Germany in 2010.
  2. Synthetic, self-curing organic or inorganic material used to fill up a cavity or to create a mechanical fixation.
  3. Note 1: In situ self-curing can be the source of released reagents that can cause local and/or systemic toxicity as in the case of the monomer released from methacrylics-based bone cement used in orthopedic surgery.

Note 2: In dentistry, polymer-based cements are also used as fillers of cavities. They are generally cured photochemically using UV radiation in contrast to bone cements.

What is the composition of bone cement in spine surgery?

Composition – Bone cements are provided as two-component materials. Bone cements consist of a powder (i.e., pre-polymerized PMMA and or PMMA or MMA co-polymer beads and or amorphous powder, radio-opacifier, initiator) and a liquid (MMA monomer, stabilizer, inhibitor).

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The two components are mixed and a free radical polymerization occurs of the monomer when the initiator is mixed with the accelerator. The bone cement viscosity changes over time from a runny liquid into a dough like state that can be safely applied and then finally hardens into solid hardened material.

The set time can be tailored to help the physician safely apply the bone cement into the bone bed to either anchor metal or plastic prosthetic device to bone or used alone in the spine to treat osteoporotic compression fractures. Bone cement heats up during the exothermic free-radical polymerization process, which reaches temperatures of around 82–86 °C in the body, a temperature higher than the critical level for protein denaturation in the body.

This low polymerization temperature is determined by the relatively thin cement coating, which should not exceed 5 mm, and the temperature dissipation via the large prosthesis surface and the flow of blood. The individual components of the bone cement are also known in the area of dental filler materials.

Acrylate -based plastics are also used in these applications. While the individual components are not always perfectly safe as pharmaceutical additives and active substances per se, as bone cement the individual substances are either converted or fully enclosed in the cement matrix during the polymerization phase from the increase in viscosity to curing.

From current knowledge, cured bone cement can now be classified as safe, as originally demonstrated during the early studies on compatibility with the body conducted in the 1950s. More recently bone cement has been used in the spine in either vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty procedures. The composition of these types of cement is mostly based on calcium phosphate and more recently magnesium phosphate.

SetBone Medical’s novel bone cement

A novel biodegradable, non-exothermic, self-setting orthopedic cement composition based on amorphous magnesium phosphate (AMP) was developed. The occurrence of undesirable exothermic reactions was avoided through using AMP as the solid precursor.

What type of cement is used in orthopedic surgery?

The principal bone cement in use for orthopedic surgery today is PMMA (poly-methyl-methacrylate), essentially perspex or plexiglass.