BULLMARK PROCEDURE: – What is BULLMARK? Should it be done for both internal walls and external walls? BULLMARK is a patch of plaster of size 12-15mm thick and having a thickness of about 10cmx10cm. Placed on the one-end corner of the wall to be plastered to get the uniform thickness of plastering throughout the wall surface. Fig: Bull Mark

• First, fix the Bull mark on the wall. Bull mark A is marked on one corner.
• About bull mark A, another bull mark is fixed on the wall first horizontally and then vertically at a distance of about two meters, covering the entire wall surface.
• Check the verticality of the bull mark, one over the other, using a plumb-bob.
• After fixing the bull mark, the vertical strips of plaster, known as screeds, are formed between the bull mark. To maintain even thickness of plastering screeds are used as gauges.
• We have to keep a plan for the bull mark to confirm the thickness of the plastering before even casting, and later that can be used as a reference.
• If we identify thickness varies more than one inch, then we can propose double plastering in the plan itself.

Fig: Bull mark Checking and verifying using the drawing

• The perpendicularity of the two walls must be checked, and the thickness of the bull mark must be adjusted. Generally, line Dori are placed in right angles (3-4-5 rule) and bull thickness is adjusted on the wall, and the same thickness is adjusted to the entire wall.
• If walls are not perpendicular, a good tiles pattern cannot be achieved after flooring.

Proper tile pattern achieved with perfectly 90-degree wall Pattern not being achieved due to deviated wall and plastering.

What is bull in civil engineering?

GI Corner beads for Plastering – Plastering around wall edges are weaker than the plain walls. Also chances of these edges getting damaged by movement of materials during construction or household items after occupation are higher. So we need to reinforce these edges using GI Corner beads.

These Corner beads comes in ‘V’ shape with length varies from 1.8m to 2.1m, that has to be embedded in the plastering in following sequence, Step 1: Bull marking / Button marking Step 2: Temporary mechanical fixing Step 3: Permanent civil fixing Step 4: Regular wall plastering Step 1: Bull marking / Button marking: Plastering thickness is marked by the Bull marks.

For internal plastering 12 to 15 mm will be the average thickness. Plaster thickness, Plump, wall lines & right angles are consider while fixing Bull marks. Our GI Corner beads should be fixed well with in the plaster thickness. Step 2: Temporary mechanical fixing: Aim of this process is to make civil fixing easier.

1. The GI corner bead is fixed using nails considering the plaster thickness, plumb & line.
2. The Corner bead should be fixed such a way that it will not be coming out of Plaster.
3. These are fixed from the height of 150mm above FFL (Floor Finishing Level) for felicitating Skirting tile fixing.
4. Note: There is a misunderstanding in this, people feel that the Corner bead has to be fixed exactly flush with plaster corner.

This is not true. Fixing it exact to plaster corner is very difficult and requires high skill. Because of this misunderstanding, many projects fail to implement Corner beads fixing. The purpose of plaster bead is primarily to reinforce the plaster and not to guide plaster line.

Step 3: Permanent Civil fixing: After the temporary mechanical fixing, Civil fixing will be completed immediately packing it with rich Mortar. It is then left to curing for 2 to 3 days. Step 4: Regular Wall Plastering: The regular plastering will be done based on the Project specifications covering the Corner beads.

These corner beads need not be fixed at all the corners. We can avoid the corners at which chances of damage is negligiable, like corners of door frames fixing, corners of tile beads, Interior carpentry covered corners. We can also fix these beads by studying external areas too, like corridors, external walls, etc., Thank you.!

What is the purpose of plaster?

This article is about the type of building material and “Plaster of Paris”. For other uses, see Plaster (disambiguation), Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, “plaster” usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while “render” commonly refers to external applications.

1. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces.
2. The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all work in a similar way.
3. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface.

The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools and sandpaper and can be moulded, either on site or in advance, and worked pieces can be put in place with adhesive,

• Plaster is suitable for finishing rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework, usually in metal.
• Forms of plaster have several other uses.
• In medicine, plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones.
• In dentistry, plaster is used to make dental models by pouring the material into dental impressions,

Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the traditional matrix for fresco painting; the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster.

What is internal plaster?

Internal Skim Coat – Quick, easy, and cost effective, internal skim finishes give a neat, clean look to inside surfaces. Internal skim finishes are a plaster finish that can be applied directly to the underside of a first floor slab, underneath a concrete staircase or directly onto concrete bulk heads.

1. Perfect for concealing unsightly substrate, these finishes can avoid the need for a suspended ceiling or gyprock lining.
2. They are also ideal for areas with limited space, or where access is difficult.
3. Surfaces are adequately and suitably prepared to ensure that the concrete substrate is properly sealed and treated prior to the application of the skim coat.

: Internal Plastering

What is bull mark in plaster?

Explanation: Plastering thickness is marked by the Bull marks. For internal plastering 12 to 15 mm will be the average thickness. Plaster thickness, Plump, wall lines & right angles are considered while fixing Bull marks. Bench mark is the point on the ground whose reduced level is known to us.

What does bull mean?

1 a : a male bovine especially : an adult uncastrated male domestic bovine b : a usually adult male of various large animals (such as elephants, whales, or seals) 2 : one who buys securities or commodities in expectation of a price rise or who acts to effect such a rise compare bear 3 : one that resembles a bull (as in brawny physique) 1 a : of or relating to a bull 2 : large of its kind a bull lathe 1 : a solemn papal letter sealed with a bulla or with a red-ink imprint of the device on the bulla 1 : a grotesque blunder in language 2 slang : empty boastful talk

What are the three coats of plastering?

Preparation of background : For plastering new surfaces, all masonry joints should be racked to a depth of 10 mm in brick masonry and 15 mm in stone masonry for providing key to the plaster. All mortar droppings and dust and laitance (in case of freshly laid concrete) should be removed with the help of stiff wire brush.

1. Any unevenness is leveled before rendering is applied.
2. For finishes applied in three coats, local projections should not be more than 10 mm proud of general surface and local depressions should not exceed 20 mm.
3. For two coat plasters these limitations are 5 mm and 10 mm respectively.
4. The surface should be washed with clean water and kept damp uniformly to produce optimum suction.

In no case the surface should be kept soaked with water so as to cause sliding of mortar before it sets or kept less wet to cause strong suction which withdraws moisture from mortar and makes it weak, porous and friable. If plaster is to be applied on old surface, all dirt, scool, oil, paint etc.

Lime Plaster Lime plaster is applied either in three coats or in two coats. Before the application of plaster, the background should be prepared,

Three – coat plaster In the 3- coat plaster, the first coat is known as rendering coat second coat known as floating coat and the third coat is known as setting coat or finishing coat.

Application of rendering coat The mortar is forcibly applied with mason’s trowel and pressed well into join and over the surface. The thickness of coat should be such as to cover all inequalities of the surface; normal thickness is 12 mm. This is allowed to slightly harden, and then scratched criss – cross with the edge of trowel or with devil float. The spacing of scratches may be 10 cm. The surface is left to set at least for 7 days. During this period, the surface is cured by keeping it damp and then allowed to dry completely. Application of floating coat The rendering coat is cleaned off all dirt, dust and other loose mortar dropping: It is lightly wetted. Patches 15 cm x 15 cm or strips 10 cm wide are applied at suitably spacing to act as gauges. The mortar is then thrown with mason’s trowel, spread and rubbed to the required plain surface with wooden float. The surface so obtained should be true in all directions. In case of lime – sand plaster, the finishing coat is applied immediately. In the case of lime – surkhi plaster, the floating coat is allowed to slightly set and then lightly beaten criss – cross with floats edge at close spacing, of 4 cm. it is then cured to set completely for 10 days and then allowed to dry out completely. In either case, the thickness of coat varies from 6 to 9 mm. Application of finishing In the case of lime – sand mortar the finishing coat is applied immediately after the floating coat. The finishing coat consists of cream of lime called neeru or plaster’s putty, having lime cream and sand in the ratio of 4:1 applied with steel trowel and rubbed and finished smooth. The rubbing is continued till it is quite dry. It is left for 1 day, and then curing is done for at least 7 days. In the case of lime – surkhi mortar, the finishing coat is applied 7 days after the floating coat, after cleaning the surface of all dirt, dust and mortar dropping and after fully wetting the surface of previous coat. The finishing coat is rubbed hard and finished smooth.

Two – coat plaster In the case of lime – sand mortar the finishing coat is a combination of the rendering floating coats of ‘three – coat plaster’ and is done under one continuous operation except that the scratching of rendering coat, as specified in the three – coat plaster, is not done. The total thickness may be about 12 mm. the finishing is then applied in a manner similar to the three – coat plaster.

Cement Plaster And Cement -Lime Plaster Cement plaster is applied either in two coats or in three coats: For inferior work, single coat plaster is sometimes provided.

Two –coat plaster: The following procedure is adopted in two coat plaster.

The background is prepared by racking the joint to a depth of 20 mm, cleaning the surface and well – watering it. If the surface to be plastered is very uneven, a preliminary coat is applied to fill up the hollows, before the first coat. The first coat or rendering coat of plaster is applied, the thickness being equal to the specified thickness of plaster less 2 to 3 mm. In order to maintain uniform thickness of plaster, screeds are formed of plaster on wall surface by fixing dots of 15 cm x 15 cm size. Two dots are so formed in vertical line, at s distance of about 2m, and are plumbed by means of a plumb bob. A vertical strip of mortar, known as screed, is then formed. A number of such vertical screeds are formed at suitable spacing. Cement mortar is then applied in the surface between the successive screeds and the surface is properly finished. Before rendering hardens, it is suitable worked to provide mechanical key for the final or finishing coat. The rendering coat is travelled hard forcing mortar into joints and over the surface. The rendering coat is kept wet for at least 2 days, and then allowed to dry completely. The thickness of final or finishing coat may vary between 2 and 3 mm. before applying the final coat, the rendering coat is damped evenly. The final coat is applied with wooden floats to a true even surface and finished with steel trowels. As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top towards bottom and completed in one operation to eliminate joining marks.

Three – coat plaster: The procedure for applying three – coat plaster is similar to the two – coat plaster except that an intermediate coat, known as floating coat is applied. The purpose of this coat of plaster is to bring the plaster to an even surface. The thickness of rendering coat, floating coat and finishing coat are kept 9 to 10 mm, 6 to 9 mm and 2 to 3 mm respectively. The rendering coat is made rough. The floating coat is applied about 4 to 7 days after applying the first coat. The finishing coat may be applied about 6 hours after the application of floating coat. Single – coat plaster: This is used only in inferior quality work. It is applied similarly as two coat plaster except that the rendering coat, as applied for two – coat plaster, is finished off immediately after it has sufficiently hardened.

Plaster On Lath Laths are adopted to provide foundation for plaster work. Laths are also provided for plastering thin partition walls and for plastering ceilings. Laths may be of two types: (i) Wooden laths and (ii) Metal laths. Wooden laths used for plastering over wooden partition walls and ceilings, are in the form of well – seasoned wooden strips 25 mm wide and 1 to 1.2 m long.

These strips are fixed in parallel lines with clear spacing of 10 mm, and secured to the surface with galvanized iron nails. Metal laths are available under various patent names. The plain expanded metal lath (Exmat) is commonly used. Metal laths are fixed to the surface by G.I. staples. In case of concrete or masonry surface, wooden plugs have to be embedded for fixing the lath.

After fixing the lath, the surface is plastered, usually in three coats. Cement mortar is used.

Is plaster stronger than cement?

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2. FAQs
3. Which is stronger white cement or plaster of Paris

? Which is stronger white cement or plaster of Paris ?

The primary difference between white cement and POP (Plaster of Paris) is their composition. White cement is made from limestone and clay, while Plaster of Paris is made of gypsum. As far as the strength goes, cement is stronger when compared to Plaster of Paris.

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Is plaster better than cement?

What Benefits Does Plastering Offer? – Plastering offers multiple benefits to walls and ceilings. Both external and internal plastering is essential to lend the required strength and support. Plaster serves as a protective cover on stones and bricks and extends durability to ceilings as well as walls.

Plastered walls are also protected against climate damage including rain, heat, and humidity. It is also easier to repair plastered walls in case if they get damaged in any way! Plastering also helps the levelling of the surfaces, and such walls are also finish-friendly as different finishes can be applied to it to enhance its look and appeal.

Your home could also be less polluted as plastered walls tend to attract and create less dust. Different materials are used for plastering, but the most commonly used plastering materials are cement and gypsum, The answer to which material is best for your home will depend on an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Cement plaster is made by mixing cement, sand, and water, usually, the ratio of cement and sand is 1:4. The thickness of plaster depends on the surface to be plastered and could be around 12 to 20 milliliters. Sometimes, plasticizers are also mixed in the plaster to protect walls from parasites.

• Pros:
• The best thing about cement plaster is that it can be used both for external as well as internal plastering.
• Cement plaster is the best bet when it comes to plastering exterior walls because it is moisture-resistant and will protect the wall against climate changes as well as environmental pollution.

Moreover the durability factor in cement plaster makes it the ideal choice for internal plastering too. Cement strengthens the walls, especially the hollow-concrete blocks. Also, when it comes to electrical fittings and wiring, cement plaster will not develop cracks and offer a sturdy base for drilling and holding it together.

Cons: The surface after cement plastering tends to look uneven and rough. Hence, it will require an additional process to achieve a smooth finish. Often, POP is applied to the plastered walls to give it a smooth finish. Cement-plastered walls and ceilings require water curing for about a week. Without the process, the surface will not gain strength and may soon develop cracks.

Over time, surfaces may even shrink causing hairline cracks. It is a ready-made plaster and is used after mixing it with water. It is white in colour and powder in form. The thickness varies for wall and ceiling plastering, for the wall it could be around 11 millimeters while for the ceiling, the thickness is just about 8 millimeters.

Gypsum plaster is also heated at specific temperatures to get different types of plasters. Pros: Unlike cement plaster, gypsum plaster does not require punning or any special process to achieve smoothness on the surface. Thus, it saves costs and time. Cement plaster has to be prepared manually but gypsum plaster is available in ready form.

Hence, preparing it is much easier and convenient. Gypsum plaster does not expand or contract with time; hence shrinkage does not happen. Gypsum plaster is extracted from gypsum rock and later dehydrated to obtain the powder form. The biggest advantage is that gypsum plaster can be recycled and reused many times.

1. It saves a lot of time because it dries very fast and you can start your painting work within 72 hours of plastering.
2. A great benefit of gypsum-plastered walls is that its thermal conductivity is low and hence is adept at keeping your home cool during summers and warm during winters.
3. The high resistant nature to fire and mould protects your walls and ceilings for a long time.
4. Cons:
5. The main disadvantage of gypsum plastering is that it is suitable only for interior plastering.
6. It is not moisture-resistant and hence unsuitable for damp areas such as bathrooms, basements, balconies or kitchens.

One needs to be careful when working with gypsum plaster when the plastering and painting work is completed. Being relatively soft in its property, gypsum plaster tends to break or develop cracks easily when drilling into the walls for electricals, wall hangings, wiring, etc. Both have pros and cons, but when it comes to exterior plastering, nothing beats cement plaster. For interior plastering, gypsum plaster is often preferred especially as it dries quicker and is easy to prepare and level. There are also other reasons for choosing gypsum plaster.

It saves time and cost because it does not require water curing, unlike cement plaster. Depending upon the place of construction, water may not be available at all or may be very expensive. Gypsum plaster also dries faster, so there is no waiting time required to start painting and other work. Since gypsum plastered walls have a good finish, you needn’t spend additional time and money on extra smoothening of the finishes.

Also, gypsum is often preferred by developers as part of the interior plastering as it saves cost, Cement plaster has to be prepared with the right ratio of sand and cement, any ingredient in excess and you will not be able to get the right plaster texture.

1. When you use gypsum plaster, all you have to do is mix it with enough water.
2. Gypsum plaster is also a green product as it can be recycled and reused.
3. At times walls plastered with cement may develop cracks or shrinkage after a few months, but gypsum plaster remains fault-free for a longer time.
4. It doesn’t mean it is stronger and durable than cement.

When a comparison is made, gypsum plaster seems to earn more favourable points. However, when it purely comes to durability, cement plaster is better in the long run, If you are looking for expert advice on how to get your home done up, get in touch with Hipcouch today! Get Interior Designing Cost Calculators Interior Design Tips, Guides to help you make Smart Choices for your Interiors & Decor without filling up your email inbox! : Gypsum Plaster vs Sand Cement Plaster: What Are They & Which One’s The Better Bet?

Which cement is best for plaster?

Which cement is best for plastering? OPC 43 is the best cement for plastering both exterior and interior walls of low residential buildings and OPC 53 is best for plastering high rise buildings. OPC is available in 3 grades in the market, OPC 33, OPC 43, and OPC 53.

What is the standard thickness of plastering?

External Plaster: The external plaster is made in richer cement mortar proportion than the internal plaster. It is usually done in two layers. First layer is of 10 to 12.5 mm and final layer is of 6mm thickness.

What are the 2 types of plaster?

Lime Plaster vs Gypsum Plaster – Before getting into the many different types of plaster on offer, it is important to take a quick look at the differences between more traditional plasters and the modern mixes that are commonly used today. Lime plaster is made up of a mixture of lime, sand and water, often with added fibres such as animal hair to strengthen the mix and to ensure a good bind with the walls.

It has been used for thousands of years and, unlike many modern cement plasters, is breathable. For this reason, it is highly suitable for period properties where it can help prevent damp issues and condensation. Lime plaster is also flexible so can cope well with movement in buildings — plus, it has a beautiful soft appearance that does justice to the character of older properties.

Gypsum plaster, on the other hand, is now the most commonly used type of plaster. It is made with partially or completely dehydrated gypsum and is often combined with hardeners. It is less flexible than lime and nowhere near as breathable which can make it unsuitable for period renovation projects.

• However, it is ideal for creating a smooth finish in modern homes and extensions, it is easy to find professional plasterers who are skilled at using it and it dries far quicker than lime.
• Gypsum plasters cost from around £8 per 25kg bag.
• It is hard to put an exact cost on lime plaster as it comes in so many different guises, including pre-mixed and one-coat formulas.

The materials required for each layer also vary. Lime plaster is the ideal choice for anyone renovating a period property — it is breathable, flexible and eco-friendly. (Image credit: Simon Maxwell)

What’s the difference between plastering and skimming?

What Is Skim Coat? – The skim coat is the white layer of lime applied over the rough cement. To make the surface smooth, the plasterer might use different techniques depending on his expertise. To make the wall look more attractive, you can even paint the skim coat.

• Skimming is the sunset of plastering and generally used to decorate a building and increase a wall’s durability.
• The primary difference is that skimming helps upgrade an old building while plastering is done to a new building.
• A skimmed surface is generally smoother than a plastered surface.
• You can visit Parson Ash Limited to know more about these techniques.

: Know The Difference Between Plastering And Skimming

What is dib and dab in plastering?

How can I soundproof my Dot and Dab Plasterboard wall? – The simple answer to this is that any Dot and Dab Plasterboard should be removed prior to any soundproofing installation. The very nature of this type of plasterboard construction is contrary to any proficient installation of soundproofing and may result in either a poor performance or in some cases in the soundproofing not working at all.

1. It is also worth noting that as soundproofing often takes up some space into your rooms, removing the Dot and Dab plasterboard will help to reduce this space take up by up to 20-25mm, giving you a substantially improved wall with less space impact as a result.
2. We have a range of Direct to Wall Soundproofing solutions which can significantly improve the performance of walls against noise disturbances from your neighbours.

The ReductoClip Direct to Wall system is already the slimmest clip and bar system available at only 60mm, and with the removal of Dot and Dab plasterboard will take up as little as 40mm of space into your room. Learn more about Wall Soundproofing

What is done before plastering?

Preparation of Surface for Internal Plastering Clean all the surfaces and joints of the wall with a wire brush; there should be no grease or oil etc., left on the wall surface. If there are any holes or cavities on the surface, fill it in advance with concrete and dry for at least a day.

How is plaster thickness measured?

The actual thickness will vary at different locations on the wall and within a single sample. To further support the variation in thickness, the code calls for the plaster thickness to be measured from the back plane of the plaster metal base (essentially face of framing) outward and not the actual thickness of cement.

Why is it called bulls?

Where Did “Bulls” and “Bears” Come From? – While the terms are relatively simple to understand, the impact either a bull or bear market can have on your portfolio and wealth is undeniable. Both animals are known for their incredible and unpredictable strength, so the image that each evokes in regards to stock market volatility certainly rings true.

1. The terms “bear” and “bull” are thought to derive from the way in which each animal attacks its opponents. That is, a bull will thrust its horns up into the air, while a bear will swipe down. These actions were then related metaphorically to the movement of a market. If the trend was up, it was considered a bull market. If the trend was down, it was a bear market.
2. Historically, the middlemen in the sale of bearskins would sell skins they had yet to receive. As such, they would speculate on the future purchase price of these skins from the trappers, hoping they would drop. The trappers would profit from a spread—the difference between the cost price and the selling price. These middlemen became known as “bears,” short for bearskin jobbers, and the term stuck for describing a downturn in the market. Conversely, because bears and bulls were widely considered to be opposites due to the once-popular blood sport of bull-and-bear fights, the term bull stands as the opposite of bears.

What is bull work?

Noun condition of being enslaved. bondage.

What is the opposite of bull?

List of Opposite/Antonym Of BULL. bear.

What are bulls duties?

A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated ) adult male of the species Bos taurus (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e., cows ), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions, including for sacrifices.

Why is it called bulls?

Where Did “Bulls” and “Bears” Come From? – While the terms are relatively simple to understand, the impact either a bull or bear market can have on your portfolio and wealth is undeniable. Both animals are known for their incredible and unpredictable strength, so the image that each evokes in regards to stock market volatility certainly rings true.

1. The terms “bear” and “bull” are thought to derive from the way in which each animal attacks its opponents. That is, a bull will thrust its horns up into the air, while a bear will swipe down. These actions were then related metaphorically to the movement of a market. If the trend was up, it was considered a bull market. If the trend was down, it was a bear market.
2. Historically, the middlemen in the sale of bearskins would sell skins they had yet to receive. As such, they would speculate on the future purchase price of these skins from the trappers, hoping they would drop. The trappers would profit from a spread—the difference between the cost price and the selling price. These middlemen became known as “bears,” short for bearskin jobbers, and the term stuck for describing a downturn in the market. Conversely, because bears and bulls were widely considered to be opposites due to the once-popular blood sport of bull-and-bear fights, the term bull stands as the opposite of bears.

What is a bull in agriculture?

Bulls – A bull, also known as a sire, is a mature male bovine that is at least 2 years old used for breeding purposes. Bulls are usually not used for meat. Bulls are not castrated because they have desired traits that producers want to use for breeding. Typically, a sire will produce more calves in its lifetime than a cow, according to Extension Beef Cattle Breeding Specialist John L.

Evans, Ph.D., at Oklahoma State University Extension, Bulls are usually larger than other cattle. They have large, muscular shoulders, necks and hindquarters. A hump is usually noticeable on its shoulders. When bulls are full grown, they can weigh as much as 2,000 pounds. According to OSU Extension, young bulls can reach half of their mature weights in as little as 14 or 15 months.

Don’t let a bull’s horns trick you; the breed of cattle determines if a bull has horns or not. Museum of Life and Science explains that many dairy breeds will have horns on both male and female cattle.

What does bull mean in agriculture?

Livestock, Poultry and Grain Cattle Terms E J K O Q U X Z

A
Aged	Cows that are over 8 years old.
B
Base Price	Price paid for livestock before application of any premiums or discounts, expressed in dollars per hundred weight.
Basis Level	The agreed upon adjustment to a futures price to establish the final price paid for livestock.
Boner	Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 80-85% lean. Typically a cow with between,15-.35 inches of backfat at the 12th rib.
Brahman X	Comment used to identify cattle that possess a noticeable degree of the Brahman breed influence, usually 1/4 blood or greater.
Breaker	Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 75-80% lean. Typically a cow with more than,35 inch of backfat at the 12th rib.
Broken Mouth	Aged cows that have one or more teeth missing.
Bull	A mature (approximately 24 months of age or older) uncastrated, male bovine. However, for the purpose of these standards, any mature, castrated, male bovine which has developed or begun to develop the secondary physical characteristics of an uncastrated male also will be considered a bull.
Bullock	A young (under approximately 24 months of age) male bovine (castrated or uncastrated) that has developed or begun to develop the secondary physical characteristics of a bull.
C
Calves	Comment used to differentiate between calves and yearlings weighing over 600 lbs. even when similar weights and grades are selling at or near the same price level. The weight division between calves and yearlings for market reporting purposes is 600 pounds. No comment is required on calves weighing less than 600 pounds, but all calves weighing more than 600 pounds must be identified as calves.
Canadian Origin	Used to identify cattle of Canadian origin on market reports.
Carcass Characteristics	Range and average carcass weight in pounds, the quality and yield grade (if applicable), and the average dressing percentage.
Cattle Committed	Cattle that are scheduled to be delivered to the packer.
Cattle Delivered	Cattle that have been delivered to the packing plant for slaughter.
Confidentiality Guideline	In order for Livestock Mandatory reports to be published they must meet the 3/70/20 confidentiality guideline which states that in order for a report (regional or national) to be published, at least 3 companies have to submit data 50% of the time or more over a 60-day period. No one company can account for 70% or more of the cumulative market volume for any report over a 60-day period. In cases where only one company submits data for individual reports, the same company can not be the sole reporting entity more than 20% of the time during a 60-day period.
Cow	A female bovine that has developed through reproduction or with age, the relatively prominent hips, large middle, and other physical characteristics typical of mature females.
CME Settlement Price	Livestock products are settled to the midpoint of the trades or the last valid price in the pit (including trades, higher bids, lower offers, or nominal close based on prior settle if no activity) between 12:59:30-13:00:00 CT.
D
Delivered	Price of a trade including freight overages.
Discount	Adjustment, expressed in dollars per hundred weight, subtracted from the base price due to weight, quality characteristics, yield characteristics, livestock class, dark cutting, breed, dressing percentage, or other factors.
F
Fancy	Used to identify cattle on market reports that typically sell at a premium, cattle denoted with this comment possess superior genetics or other known factors that allow for a higher price to be paid.
Fleshy	Typical fleshy feeder cattle are beginning to show moderate fat deposits in the cod, flanks, brisket, and around the tail head. The rib bones and hooks and pins in the pelvic region are barely visible if distinguishable at all. The animal has a smooth appearance including, the curvature over the loin. Feeder cattle fleshier than typical may have fat cover more associated with slaughter cattle and show indications of being on a silage and/or grain ration. Fleshy cattle often sell at a discount, due to the expected weight loss upon change of environment.
F.O.B.	Free on board, regardless of the mode of transportation, at the point of direct shipment by the seller to the buyer (e.g.F.O.B Feedyard).
Formula Marketing Arrangement	Advance commitment of cattle for slaughter using a method for calculating price. For slaughter cattle the base price is not negotiated but is based on some other price (such as plant average or weighted average price) or value determining mechanism that may or may not be known at the time the deal is struck. The final net price is determined after application of premiums and discounts.
Forward Contract	An agreement for the purchase of cattle, executed in advance of slaughter, under which the base price is established by reference to prices quoted on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In regards to slaughter cattle, premiums and discounts may be applied to the forward contract base price in order to determine the final net price.
Full	Used to identify cattle on market reports that exhibit excessive fill (water/hay weight). Cattle have the appearance of disproportionally large mid-section (belly). Typically full cattle sell at a discount.
G
Gaunt	Used to identify cattle on market reports that are emaciated (expressing the lack of fill). Typically gaunt cattle sell at a premium.
Guaranteed Open	Comment used to identify heifers that are guaranteed open (not bred) by the seller.
H
Heifer	A young female bovine that has not had her first calf.
Heiferette	A female bovine, 2 ½ years old or younger that exhibits cow characteristics, that has not had her first calf or recently lost her first calf.
I
Inferior	Cattle which suffer from disease, parasitism, severe emaciation, or any condition that must be corrected before they can be expected to perform normally, are considered unthrifty and graded U.S. Inferior. Double-muscled cattle are also graded U.S. Inferior because they do not deposit marbling normally.
L
Lean	Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 85+% lean. Typically a cow with less than,15 inch of backfat at the 12th rib.
Load	Comment used for video auction and direct reporting to segregate sales that are full semi load lots.
M
Mexican Origin	Used to identify cattle of Mexican origin on market reports.
N
Negotiated	Cash or spot market purchase by a producer of livestock to a packer under which the price for the livestock is determined by seller-buyer interaction. The livestock are usually scheduled for delivery to the packer not more than 14 days after the date on which the livestock are committed to a packer. However for slaughter cattle, delivery can be extended up to 30 days.
Negotiated Grid	Agreement under which the base price for the livestock is determined by buyer-seller interaction. The livestock are usually scheduled for delivery within 14 days. The final net price will be determined after application of premiums and discounts to the net price.
Net Price	Price paid for livestock after application of any premiums or discounts, expressed in dollars per hundred weight.
P
Packer Owned	Cattle that a packer owns for at least 14 days immediately before slaughter.
Per Head	Comment used to denote cattle that were sold a per head basis, instead of being sold on a per cwt. basis. Per head basis selling usually occurs when quoting replacement or bred females.
R
Replacement	Comment used to describe mature cows or heifers that are being purchased to be placed in a cow/calf operation.
S
Source Verified	Term used to describe cattle that qualify for a Process Verified Program (PVP) or Quality System Assessment.
T
Thin Fleshed	Typical thin feeder cattle are angular in appearance. Their rib bones and the hooks and pins in the pelvic region are plainly visible. There is also a definite ridge formed by the dorsal processes in the short loin region. Various regions of the body such as the round, loin, rib cage, shoulder, etc. are plainly visible, and the muscular nomenclature is easily distinguishable. There is no evidence of smoothness associated with fat deposits. Thin cattle have a loss of flesh to the point that they are showing signs of muscle loss. These cattle often sell at a premium, because of compensatory gain (the expected efficient and speedy weight gain experienced when these cattle are given a proper ration).
V
Vaccinated	Term used to describe cattle that have received a known vaccination regiment, usually part of a total pre-conditioning program.
Value Added	Used to identify cattle on market reports that typically sell at a premium, cattle denoted with this comment have a combination of several of following quantifiers: source and aged verified, all-natural, non-hormone treated, a known vaccination program, being weaned more than 30 days, or superior genetics.
W
Weaned	Term used to describe feeders that have been weaned for an extended period of time (typically 30+ days). Feeders that are described as weaned typically bring a significant premium over those that are not weaned or that have been weaned for just a short time.
Y
Yearlings	Yearlings are cattle that are 12 months of age. Market reporters usually do not know the exact age of the cattle and must rely on the physical appearance of the animal to determine the age or in the case of direct cattle the information provided by the contact. The weight division between calves and yearlings for market reporting purposes is 600 pounds. No comment is required on yearlings weighing more than 600 pounds, but all yearlings weighing less than 600 pounds must be identified as yearlings.
Young	Replacement cows that are 4 years old or less that have had at least one calf.

1. LMR denotes definitions derived from Livestock Mandatory Reporting regulations, found in sections 59.30 and 59.100 of the Federal Register. : Livestock, Poultry and Grain Cattle Terms