What Is Floating Column? – Floating column is a type of column which is is constructed over beams or slabs of any intermediate floors of a structure. These columns are not attached to any footings or pedestal. Floating columns are also known as hanging column. (Refer to the below image) 
Contents
- 1 What does floating column mean?
- 2 Is code for floating column?
- 3 What does floating mean in construction?
- 4 Which column footing is best?
- 5 Which section is best for column?
- 6 Where is floating column used?
- 7 Why is it called floating?
- 8 What does a float mean in an office?
- 9 What does floating foundation mean?
What does floating column mean?
What is a floating column – A column that is floating on a beam or a transfer slab is a floating column.That means a floating column is not starting from the ground from a footing. This may be due to functional/architectural reasons. An example may be a drive way in the basement that cannot have a column.But the upper levels needs because of the architectural scheme of the building.The scheme of the building will decide all these.
Is code for floating column?
What are Floating Columns | Design | Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Columns In the present day, constructions of buildings in urban cities in India, the main problem arises in the accommodation of parking areas, reception lobbies etc. To overcome this problem floating columns came into existence and now it has become an unavoidable feature in most of the multi-storied buildings from foundation level and transferring the load to the ground.
The term floating column is also a vertical element that (due to architectural design/site situation) at its lower level (termination level) rests on a beam that is a horizontal member. The beams transfer the load to the other columns below it. There are many projects in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders are employed, so that more open space is available on the ground floor.
These open spaces may be required for an assembly hall or parking purposes. The transfer girders have to be designed and detailed properly. The floating column act as a point load on the beam and this beam transfers the load to the columns below it as far as analysis is concerned, the column is often assumed pinned at the base and is therefore taken as a point load on the transfer beam.
The floating column is a vertical member which rests on a beam and doesn’t have a foundation. But such a column cannot be implemented easily to construct practically since the true columns below the termination level are not constructed with care and hence finally cause failure. Buildings with floating columns that hang or float on beams at an intermediate storey and do not go all the way to the foundation have discontinuities in the load transfer path.
The floating column is used for the purpose of architectural view and site situations. It can be analysed by using E-TABs. The provisions of floating columns can be stated as most of the buildings in India are covering the maximum possible area on a plot within the available bylaws.
- FLOATING COLUMN The floating column is a vertical member which rests on a beam but doesn’t transfer the load directly to the foundation.
- The floating column acts as a point load on the beam and this beam transfers the load to the column below it.
- The column may start off on the first or second or any other intermediate floor while resting on a beam.
Usually, columns rest on the foundation to transfer load from slabs and beams. But the floating column rests on the beam. The floating column in a building as shown in Fig. below Floating column in Building In modern times the buildings are becoming complex particularly the mix-use ones.
- There are different uses on different floors and hence to follow it structural grid becomes difficult as columns on any floor would become a hindrance.
- Even in residential buildings when there is parking on the ground floor or lower stories or huge cantilevers are taken to exploit ambiguities in local bylaws for gaining more free spaces, the lower floors need column-free spaces for easy movement of vehicles; while on upper floors which are more in a number of the columns have been designed based on room layout.
They are also frequently used when there are shops on the ground floor and residences on the upper floors. Rather than finding an architectural solution one easily take recourse to float columns and remove columns on lower stories, which is a dangerous proposal.
- TRANSFER BEAM Transfer beams are required at places where column locations are changing, and to transfer the forces from column above to column below.
- To design the transfer beams, consider the point loads at the locations where the columns are stopping.
- This point load will actually to be equal to the magnitude of the column reactions.
Add the other loads which might act on the beam (self-weight, live load acting on the beam). Then check for shear and flexure, similar to a normal beam. Transfer beam which support Floating Column OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK The objective of the present work is to study the behaviour of multistory buildings with floating columns.
- • Load bearing construction
- • Framed construction
- • Composite construction
But among the above 3 types, in the present stage, all the multistoried structures are framed construction that are durable. An engineering structure is an assembly of members of elements transferring the loads and providing a firm space to serve the desired foundation.
Structural design is a science and art of designing, with economy and elegance, a durable structure is that which can safely carry the forces and can serve the desired function satisfactorily during its expected service life span. The entire process of structural planning and designing requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but of practical aspects, such as relevant design codes and bylaws, backed up by ample experience, institutions and judgment.
The process of design commences with the planning of a structure, primarily to meet the functional equipment of the user or client. The functional requirements and the aspects of the aesthetics are looked into normally by an architect while the aspect of safety, serviceability, durability and economy of the structure for its intended use over the life span.
- METHODOLOGY With reference to the national building code, a plan for the building is made, and models are made.
- Analysis and design are done by using structural software E-TABs 2015.
- The design of RCC structural elements is carried out by considering the minimum dimensions of column, beam and slab.
- The dimensions of RCC structure elements are designed using MS EXCEL (spreadsheet) by considering the various loads such as Live load, Dead load and Wind load.
The design is carried as per the code i.e., IS 456-2000. MODEL FORMULATION The study is carried out on a building with floating columns. The plan layout of the building is shown in the figure. The building is considered a residential building having G+6.
- Height of each storey is kept same as other prevalent data.
- RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE In urban areas, multi-storey buildings are constructed by providing floating columns for the various purposes which are stated above.
- These floating column buildings are not designated for earthquake loads.
- So these buildings are not designed for earthquake loads.
So these buildings are unsafe in seismic prone areas. The project aims to create awareness about these issues in the earthquake-resistant design of multi-storey buildings. LIMIT STATE METHOD In the limit state design method, non-deterministic parameters are determined based on observations taken over a period of time.
- The objective of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended, that is, it will not reach a limit state.
- A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it should also satisfy the serviceability requirements such as limitations on deflection and cracking.
It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity during and after accidents such as fires, explosions and local failure. Due to its realistic approach, the limit state method is used in the design of structures. The most important limit states which must be examined in design are as follows: LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE This state corresponds to the maximum load-carrying capacity; violation of collapse limit state implies failure in the sense that a clearly defined limit state of structural usefulness has been exceeded.
- • Flexure
- • Compression
- • Shear
- • Torsion
- LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY
- This state corresponds to the development of excessive deformation and is used for checking members in which magnitude of deformations may limit the use of the structure or it is components. This limit state may correspond to:
- • Deflection
- • Cracking
- • Vibration
- MODELING OF BUILDING
The residential building (G+6) with floating columns were selected for the study. The building is considered to be located in Zone III (Bhatkal) as per IS 1893-2002. The building is modelled using the structural software E- TABs 2015. The analytical models of the building include all the components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and durability of the structure.
- 3D Model of the Building
- DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING
- • Floor area = 521 m2
- • Number of floors = G+6
- • Number of flat in each floor = 4
- • Number of rooms in each flat = 3
- • Floor to floor height = 3.6m
- • Number of staircases = 1
- • Number of lifts = 1
- • Types of footing = Isolated footing
- • Party hall & Gym at top floor
| RCC Member | Properties | |
| Grade of Concrete | Size in mm | |
| Columns | M30 | 230X600 |
| 230X750 | ||
| 230X900 | ||
| Beams | M30 | 230X450 |
| 230X600 | ||
| 230X750 | ||
| Slab | M30 | 125 |
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A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors(weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios.
- Load combinations used in the design are,
- • 1.5(DL+LL)
- • 1.2(DL+LL+WL)
- ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The project requires the analysis of the building in order to find out the magnitude of loads and their distribution. Hence, the software has been used for the analysis was E-TABs 2015. The building was modelled with all the structural elements and floating columns.
- Must read:
- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
- BENDING MOMENT
The BMD of beams for the G+6 storied frame structure is as shown in Fig,below. It is observed that the bending moment is greater at the mid-span of each beam and reduces linearly as it proceeds towards the support of the beam span. Bending Moment SHEAR FORCE The SFD for the desired multi-storied structure is as shown in Fig.
below. It is observed that the shear force is greater towards the end portions of the beams than is towards the joint pertaining to a beam and column. Shear force may also occur in a beam to beam junction. Shear Force FOOTING REACTIONS The below Fig. below. shows the vertical load along the column of the structure to the base of the footing.
These footing loads are used to determine the type of footings corresponding to the soil condition and seismology. These column loads are grouped and used to design a combined footing.
- Reactions & Moment for Footing
- ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECT
- Table – 2: Plinth Area Rate
| Total cost of the project(INR) | Area of the building In Sq.ft. | Plinth area rate per Sq.ft |
| 7,15,50,000 | 5608 | 1823 |
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A floating column will differentiate each site from the other phase structure and affect the vertical symmetry of the building. This system will have poor performance when subjected to seismic forces.
- Using floating columns in buildings increases the storey displacement and storey drift under the action of lateral force.
- The use of floating columns in buildings increases floor displacement and floor flexibility under the action of lateral force.
- The base shear of the floating column in the support of the building during seismic activity is high.
This floating column tends to increase the base shear and story displacement of buildings during seismic activity, and this is not a desirable performance. Therefore, the past performance of the floating column in seismically prone areas makes them irrelevant in future construction. They are limited to supporting only gravitational loads.
- Advantages and Disadvantages of
- Floating Columns
- Advantages of Floating Columns
1. A floating column is primarily used to meet the architectural requirements of a building. Floating columns are noticeable when there is a large span hall with rooms on the upper floor like a hotel or auditorium on the lower floor.2. Floating columns are useful in the construction of soft floors.3.
The project layout at each site may be different 4. The rooms can be divided and some area can be raised without raising the whole area. Disadvantages of Floating Column 1. The main disadvantage of floating columns is that it is often subjected to earthquakes and large seismic movements. Beams supported by floating columns may affect greater movements of sesmic, shear forces and tension forces.
However, this problem can be minimized but not yet advised when loading laterally.2. Extensive forces attracted by floating columns.3. Floating columns increase floor displacement in structures.4. Because the floating columns do not stay in the primary successive columns, suspension occurs with the lower and upper columns, making it vulnerable.
REFERENCES Badger Udhav S and Shaikh A.N, “Analysis of Multistorey Building with Floating Column”, Volume no.4, Issue No.9, 01 Sept.2015, pp: 475-478. Sasidhar T and P. Sai Avinash, “Analysis of Multistoried Building with and without Floating Column Using E- TABs”, Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp:91-98.
Shivam Tyagi and B.S. Tyagi, “Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building with Floating Column”, Volume 5, Issue No.5, May 2018. MD Najeeb Ur Rahman and B Rajkumar Singh, “Analysis of Multi-storey Building with Floating Column”, Volume 6, Issue No.01, January-June 2018.P.
- Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, Part I (1987), Dead Loads on Buildings and Structures, New Delhi, India.
- Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, Part II (1987), Live Loads on Buildings and Structures, New Delhi, India.
- Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, Part III (1987), Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures, New Delhi, India.
- IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete code
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Thanks! For reading the article. : What are Floating Columns | Design | Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Columns
What are the 3 types of column?
(The) three types of columns are Doric, (Ionic), and Corinthian.
What does floating mean in construction?
Who Owns The Float Experienced contractors and construction attorneys know that practically time always is of the essence on a construction project, regardless of what the contract says. This is particularly true on today’s complex construction projects where almost every line item or specified scope of work is governed by an ever evolving Critical Path Schedule (“CPS”).
A typical CPS dictates the start date of key work, its duration, and when it must be finished to maintain the ultimate completion date. However, a CPS also typically includes certain non-critical work items that have an element of “float” or “slack” that can be utilized before the completion of those items impacts the overall critical path or completion date.
Given that time and associated delay claims can lead to some of the largest issues on a construction project, an interesting question arises concerning “float” or “slack” in the schedule; namely, who owns it? As a general matter, float can be defined as an amount of time that a project activity can be delayed without affecting the project completion date.
- If a project activity is said to have zero float, any delay to that activity will result in a corresponding delay to the project completion date (this is a critical path activity) unless recovery measures are taken.
- If a project activity has positive float, that activity can be delayed until the float reaches zero, without delaying the project completion date.
Thus, float can be a valuable asset to the extent it can be used to absorb or offset a delay in a zero float activity and can serve to recover the CPS completion date. Understanding that float is a valuable asset, the question becomes, which party to the construction project is entitled to control or use the float? As will be discussed further below, the answer to this question can, and should, be answered by looking to the language of the contract between the Owner and Contractor.
- In the absence of controlling contract language, however, there generally are three competing arguments concerning who owns the float.
- The three arguments are: 1) the Contractor owns the float; 2) the Owner owns the float; and 3) the project owns the float.
- The merits of each argument are discussed in turn below.
The Contractor Owns the Float The most common argument, and perhaps the general rule, is that the Contractor owns the float. The logical basis for this argument is that the Contractor typically creates the CPS, determines the sequence of construction activities, and thereby creates the float.
- If the Contractor created the float through its own scheduling/sequencing, and can directly impact the float based on the performance of its work, the Contractor should own the float.
- Furthermore, it is often assumed that the Contractor is the party with the most risk relative to any delays and is therefore in the best position to responsibly utilize the float.
In essence, if the Contractor created float through its scheduling/sequencing activities, the Contractor should be permitted to utilize that float to offset any delays experienced in zero float activities. A Board of Contract Appeals recognized a contractor’s interest consistent with this argument.
The Court stated, allows the manager latitude in the scheduling of non-critical activities that originate or terminate at that event, and to effect trade-offs of resources to shorten or control his project. Joseph E. Bennett Co,, 72-1 BCA ¶9364(GSBCA 1972) at 43, 467 n.7. “The general rule there is that a contractor cannot recover delay damages where he and the owner are jointly responsible for the delay.
In other words, any contractor-caused delay will bar his claim. However, the courts have refused to apply this rule where the contractor caused delays occurred on items which did not lie on the critical path. The necessary implication is that the contractor had the right to delay those items to the extent of their “float:’ and thus that the float was his” The Owner Owns the Float While the general view is that the Contractor owns the float, there is an argument that the Owner should own/control the float.
This argument is based on the assumption that the Owner has paid for the Contractor’s services, the CPS, and any resulting float as part of the cost of the project. Since it theoretically has paid for the project sequencing and management, the Owner argues that it should be entitled to control float generated as a byproduct of those efforts to reduce the Owner’s costs and control the progress of the project.
Similar to the Contractor, an Owner can incur significant additional costs if its project is delayed and thus the Owner has an interest in making sure any float is used to its benefit. Even further, proponents of this argument take the position that by allowing the Contractor to use float, the Owner is granting the Contractor an extension of time when the Contractor has not actually been delayed or otherwise entitled to such an extension.
Of course, this argument ignores the fact that using float does not actually extend the Contractor’s time for completion of the project. Regardless, there is an argument that the Owner should be entitled to the most efficient performance of the work possible by controlling the Contractor’s use of float.
The Project Owns the Float The third argument for ownership of the float is that neither party should exclusively control the float. Under this theory, the project should be the beneficiary of the float and it should be used on a first-come, first-serve basis by whoever needs the float.
- If the Contractor needs to use the float to recover the schedule due to a delay in a critical activity, the Contractor can use the float.
- If the Owner needs to use the float to ensure the efficient completion of a non-critical work item to obtain a financial benefit to the project, the Owner can use the float.
However, the key to this argument is that the parties use the float in good faith, for the benefit of the project. For instance, the Contractor should not claim a time related change order for an item when float time exists to compensate for the time that otherwise would be needed.
- Such allocations of float do not advance the interests of the project and therefore are not legitimate under this view of float allocation.
- Conclusion Given that there is not a significant amount of case law on the three arguments discussed above, and respective jurisdictions may treat the issue differently, the best way to address ownership of float is through specific language in the contract between the Contractor and Owner.
Obviously, you can minimize the risk of dispute by drafting in a provision that specifically provides that one or the other party specifically owns the float. Alternatively, some common clauses addressing the issue of float are so called “joint ownership” and “non-sequestering” clauses.
A generalized example of such clauses is as follows: Float, slack time, or contingency within the schedule (i.e., the difference in time between the project’s early completion date and the required contract completion date), and total float within the overall schedule, is not for the exclusive use of either the Owner or the Contractor, but is jointly owned by both and is a resource available to and shared by both parties as needed to meet contract milestones and the contract completion date.
The Contractor shall not sequester shared float through such strategies as extending activity duration estimates to consume available float, using preferential logic, or using extensive crew/resource sequencing, etc. Since float time within the schedule is jointly owned, no time extensions will be granted nor delay damages paid until a delay occurs which extends the work beyond the contract completion date.
Since float time within the construction schedule is jointly owned, it is acknowledged that Owner caused delays on the Project may be offset by Owner caused timesaving (i.e., critical path submittals returned in less time than allowed by the contract, approval of substitution requests and credit changes which result in a savings of time to the Contractor, etc.).
In such an event, the Contractor shall not be entitled to receive a time extension or delay damages until all Owner caused timesaving are exceeded and the contract completion date is also exceeded. Obviously the clauses provided above are complementary by indicating that float can be used by either party to meet contractual milestones or completion dates (joint ownership clause), but neither party may consume all of the available float by extending activity durations or employing resource loading/sequencing strategies (non-sequestration clause).
- It also is key to note that such clauses typically do not allow for extensions of time, delay claims, or the assertion of liquidated damages until a delay occurs that extends the work beyond the contract completion date.
- Thus, this type of language follows the “project owns the float” argument where the goal is to complete the project on time without additional costs.
To the extent a client has specific questions about the issue of float, they should follow-up with counsel to review this issue. : Who Owns The Float
What is the strongest type of column?
Abstract – The problem of determining that shape of column which has the largest critical buckling load is solved, assuming that the length and volume are given and that each cross section is convex. The strongest column has an equilateral triangle as cross section, and it is tapered along its length, being thickest in the middle and thinnest at its ends.
Its buckling load is 61.2% larger than that of a circular cylinder. For columns all of whose cross sections are similar and of prescribed shape-not necessarily convex—the best tapering is found to increase the buckling load by one third over that of a uniform column. This result, which was independently obtained by H.F.
Weinberger, is originally due to Clausen (1851). For a uniform column, triangularizing is shown to increase the buckling load by 20.9% over that of a circular cylinder. The results lead to isoperimetric inequalities for the buckling loads of arbitrary columns.
What are the main types of columns?
Five orders of columns in classical architecture – There are five orders of columns in classical architecture: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. They range from simple to complex in this order.
Which column is best?
Architectural Reason – Aesthetics is one of the main reasons that decides the shape of a column. For that matter, circular shape for a column is aesthetically pleasing and hence it is used many times. However, the usage is limited in colleges, verandas and institutional buildings.
In colleges and corridors and where ever there are double heights or more, circular columns are elegant. It looks aesthetically pleasing. Indian Parliament building is an example where the shape of the building itself suits the column to be circular. One main reason for not preferring circular column is also an aesthetic reason.
Many times, the walls in a building are 200mm and hence most prefer to have the column tucked inside the walls. So, if one dimension is 200, the area needed to resist the forces can be achieved by a larger length for the column. Circular columns will not be feasible in this case when you want to keep the column with in the 200mm wall thickness.
Which column footing is best?
06. Raft Footing – If loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are heavy and the allowable soil pressure is small then footing requires more area. In such a case, it may be better to provide continuous footing under all columns and walls. Such kind of footing is called a Raft Footing. 
Which section is best for column?
Free CT 1: Building Materials (Building Stones) 10 Questions 10 Marks 7 Mins Tubular section is best suited and most economical for the design of smaller compression member subjected to smaller load. Various reasons are as follows: 1. Round tubes have the same radius of gyration in all directions and have a high local buckling strength.
These are usually very economical unless moments are too large for the sizes available.2. Tube has excellent torsional resistance.3. In the case of members subjected to wind, round tubes are subjected to less force than flat sections.4. They have less surface area to paint or fireproof.5. Tubes do not have the problem of dirt collection or cleaning.6.
The weight of tube sections usually is less than one half the weight required for open profile sections. Although tube sections cost about 25 percent more than open sections, but about 20 percent of cost savings can still be achieved. It can be seen that only the tubular section has the same moment of inertia about any axis through its center of gravity, hence The tubular section is the ideal compression member. Last updated on Sep 22, 2022 The Staff Selection Commission has released the admit card for all regions for Paper I of the SSC JE CE 2022 exam on 9th November 2022.
Where is floating column used?
Floating Column Applications – The most important application of floating column is for the construction of soft storey in the ground floor to facilitate free space for parking or entrance corridors. This free space will provide parking option for residential, industrial and commercial buildings.
What is dummy column?
2020-11-29 – Dummy variables (or binary variables) are commonly used in statistical analyses and in more simple descriptive statistics. A dummy column is one which has a value of one when a categorical event occurs and a zero when it doesn’t occur. In most cases this is a feature of the event/person/object being described.
For example, if the dummy variable was for occupation being an R programmer, you can ask, “is this person an R programmer?” When the answer is yes, they get a value of 1, when it is no, they get a value of 0. We’ll start with a simple example and then go into using the function dummy_cols(), You can also use the function dummy_columns() which is identical to dummy_cols(),
Imagine you have a data set about animals in a local shelter. One of the columns in your data is what animal it is: dog or cat.
| animals |
|---|
| dog |
| dog |
| cat |
To make dummy columns from this data, you would need to produce two new columns. One would indicate if the animal is a dog, and the other would indicate if the animal is a cat. Each row would get a value of 1 in the column indicating which animal they are, and 0 in the other column.
| animals | dog | cat |
|---|---|---|
| dog | 1 | |
| dog | 1 | |
| cat | 1 |
In the function dummy_cols, the names of these new columns are concatenated to the original column and separated by an underscore.
| animals | animals_dog | animals_cat |
|---|---|---|
| dog | 1 | |
| dog | 1 | |
| cat | 1 |
With an example like this, it is fairly easy to make the dummy columns yourself. dummy_cols() automates the process, and is useful when you have many columns to general dummy variables from or with many categories within the column. fastDummies_example data.frame ( numbers = 1 : 3, gender = c ( “male”, “male”, “female” ), animals = c ( “dog”, “dog”, “cat” ), dates = as.Date ( c ( “2012-01-01”, “2011-12-31”, “2012-01-01” )), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) knitr :: kable (fastDummies_example)
| numbers | gender | animals | dates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | male | dog | 2012-01-01 |
| 2 | male | dog | 2011-12-31 |
| 3 | female | cat | 2012-01-01 |
The object fastDummies_example has two character type columns, one integer column, and a Date column. By default, dummy_cols() will make dummy variables from factor or character columns only. This is because in most cases those are the only types of data you want dummy variables from.
| numbers | gender | animals | dates | gender_female | gender_male | animals_cat | animals_dog |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | male | dog | 2012-01-01 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2 | male | dog | 2011-12-31 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 | female | cat | 2012-01-01 | 1 | 1 |
In some situations, you would want columns with types other than factor and character to generate dummy variables. For example, a column of years would be numeric but could be well-suited for making into dummy variables depending on your analysis. Use the select_columns parameter to select specific columns to make dummy variables from.
| numbers | gender | animals | dates | numbers_1 | numbers_2 | numbers_3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | male | dog | 2012-01-01 | 1 | ||
| 2 | male | dog | 2011-12-31 | 1 | ||
| 3 | female | cat | 2012-01-01 | 1 |
The final option for dummy_cols() is remove_first_dummy which by default is FALSE. If TRUE, it removes the first dummy variable created from each column. This is done to avoid multicollinearity in a multiple regression model caused by included all dummy variables.
| numbers | gender | animals | dates | gender_male | animals_dog |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | male | dog | 2012-01-01 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | male | dog | 2011-12-31 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | female | cat | 2012-01-01 |
What is floating pillar?
What Is Floating Column? – Floating column is a type of column which is is constructed over beams or slabs of any intermediate floors of a structure. These columns are not attached to any footings or pedestal. Floating columns are also known as hanging column. (Refer to the below image)
How many types of columns are there?
Greek And Roman Column – Classical Greek and Roman architecture made use of four major styles of columns for their buildings and temples. These four types of columns were Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Tuscan. These columns look straight and uniform from a distance. But up close, they might actually tilt a bit, or lean left or right.
How columns are classified?
Slenderness Ratio – The slenderness ratio of a compression member is defined as the ratio of effective length to the least lateral dimension. The columns are classified as following two types depending upon the slenderness ratio:
Short columns Long columns.
What is the difference between a column and pillar?
However, whereas a pillar does not necessarily have a load-bearing function, a column is a vertical structural member that is intended to transfer a compressive load. For example, a column might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor, or roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
Why is it called floating?
A floating point number, is a positive or negative whole number with a decimal point. For example, 5.5, 0.25, and -103.342 are all floating point numbers, while 91, and 0 are not. Floating point numbers get their name from the way the decimal point can “float” to any position necessary.
Due to this, in computer science, floating point numbers are often referred to as floats. Other common types of numbers in computer science are integers, short, and long. While some programming languages define these different types of numbers, others don’t. For example, in C you need to store the number 18 as an integer ( int ), and 50.3233 as a float ( float ).
But JavaScript treats all numbers as floats behind the scenes, even integers like 122.
Integer Definition Rational Number Definition Irrational Number Definition Natural Number Definition
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What does a float mean in an office?
What is a cash float What is a cash float? Cash float can be understood as 2 things: (1) The amount of cash put in the at the beginning of each working shift, usually in a small amount. It will be used as change for cash, because customers often do not pay the exact amount for the purchase in cash.
- 2) The difference between the cash balance in businesses’ accounting system and the cash displayed in the company’s bank account balances.
- The difference can be due to the delays in processing paper checks, as it often takes some time for banks to receive a check and record it.
- For definition 1 The amount of cash float you need in the register should be determined at the beginning to control the fund and avoid theft.
These rules should include the specific types of expenses that the float will be used for, the amount of money, and the frequency of replenishment. It is also advisable to put the money in a safe place, which is usually a locked cash drawer. In addition, cash floats should be monitored by a custodian, who is responsible for keeping accurate records of any increase/decrease in cash floats.
Employees must be informed about the float establishment and ask for approval of the custodian to use the cash float. For definition 2 Cash float has 3 main types as the following:
Disbursement float : When a check is written but the customer hasn’t cashed the check. This will leave some additional money in your account in the next few days. Collection float : When someone deposits a check but the bank hasn’t credited your account. This subtracts the money from your bank account in the next few days. Net float : The total amount of disbursement and collection floats.
For the best management for these types of cash float, businesses should maximize their disbursement floats and minimize collection floats. : What is a cash float
How do you make a column float?
2. pandas Convert String to Float – Use pandas DataFrame.astype() function to convert column from string/int to float, you can apply this on a specific column or on an entire DataFrame. To cast the data type to 54-bit signed float, you can use numpy.float64, numpy.float_, float, float64 as param.
To cast to 32-bit signed float, use numpy.float32 or float32, The Below example converts Fee column from string dtype to float64, # Convert “Fee” from string to float df = df.astype( ) print(df.dtypes) Yields below output. Fee float64 Discount object dtype: object You can also use Series.astype() to convert a specific column.
since each column on DataFrame is pandas Series, I will get the column from DataFrame as Series and use astype() function. In the below example df.Fee or df returns Series object. # Convert “Fee” from string to float df = df.astype(float) print(df.dtypes) Yields same output as above.
What does floating a concrete floor mean?
What is a floating concrete floor? – A floating concrete floor is formed of floating concrete slabs that are laid on the ground without any type of anchoring. Floating concrete floors are idea for small structures that do not require solid, strong foundations (like garden sheds or garages).
What does floating foundation mean?
use in building construction –
In soil mechanics A floating foundation consists of boxlike rigid structures set at such a depth below ground that the weight of the soil removed to place it equals the weight of the building; thus, once the building is completed, the soil under it will bear the same weight
