How-To – Posted on: February 01, 1990 The architect for the project I am working on has selected a molded brick with a frog. In laying this brick, should the frog be placed up or down? Currently, there is no industry consensus on how to lay a brick unit that has a frog.

A frog is a depression in one bearing face of a molded or pressed brick. The frog reduces the weight of the brick and makes it easier to remove from the forms. ASTM specifications C 62 (building brick), C 216 (facing brick), and C 652 (hollow brick) all set limits on the size of frogs. Frogs can’t be closer than 3/4 inch to any edge of the brick.

Frogs greater than 3/8 inch deep at any point are treated the same as cores. Frogs less than 3/8 inch deep don’t affect the net area of the unit. Some experts say that bricks containing frogs should be laid with the frog up so that the frog is completely filled with mortar.

If the brick is laid with the frog on the bottom, the frog may not get completely filled with mortar. This would make the brick wall only face-shell bedded, which produces less wall strength than full mortar bedding. Other experts say brick should be laid with the frog down. They give two reasons. First, a uniform bed of mortar can be laid more easily on the face that doesn’t contain the frog.

If the frog is less than 3/8 inch deep, the mortar bed should be able to fill the frog. Second, if the frog is laid up, it can hold water, which may contribute to early brick deterioration. Most masonry walls built today are not highly stressed bearing walls.

What is brick frog?

What is a Brick Frog? – Brick frogs are indentations, which usually contain a brick manufacturer’s stamp. The majority of UK bricks made with frogs are used for construction purposes. Refractory bricks were not made with frogs as builders required a tighter fit to minimise the cement used.

Why is frog used in bricks?

Why is the indentation in a house brick called a frog? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk

• Why is the indentation in a house brick called a frog?
• Ben Chaston, Hong Kong, China

• In the 1930s the bricks were made by hand in slop moulds and the indent required a wooden former in the bottom of the mould box. This looked like a crouching frog and the name stuck despite its reference to the indent.
  2. Jack Hill, St Albans, UK

• My family used to leave bricks in the garden, indentation down, propped up, in order to provide safe havens for wildlife, possibly frogs. So maybe the name originates from the inhabitants.
  • Henry Lancashire, Dusseldorf, Germany

• Because it’s similar in shape to the indentation in a horse’s hoof also called a frog. This could be because the shape in the hoof is similar to a frog’s front end. It could also be a simple transference from the earlier name for this dent ‘frush’ or ‘frosk’, themselves contractions of fourchette or furchette.
  2. Peter Brooke, By Kinmuck, Scotland

• ‘FroggingÂ’ – the familiar (usually pyramidal) indentation in bricks – originates from the ancient Egyptian custom of creating hollows in their Nile-clay bricks, in which they interred live animals (usually infant) as building work progressed. Historians are divided on the reasoning. Traditional Egyptologists favoured the after-life scenario (baby animals ready to grow to serve the risen Pharaoh), until the 1903 discovery of millions of skeletons of ‘Bufo regularisÂ’ – the common African frog – in the remains of ancient Egyptian workersÂ’s buildings on the Giza Plateau. Although this amphibious exhumation was not well known to other than historians and palaeontologists, the Victorian trades embraced this romantic (sic) custom during the industrial revolution, and itÂ’s been with us ever since. Albeit buried.
  • Mick Warwick, Stockton-on-Tees England

• As a bricklayer I’ve often asked older brickies why a frog is called a frog all to no avail. The most logical answer I’ve heard is the indentation (frog) is there to reduce the amount of clay in the making of the brick,(whilst still maintaining the strength of the brick).Therefore the brickmaker is being “frugal” with the clay and frog is a play on the word frugal.
  2. john cahill, dudley west midlands england

• The actual term “frog” comes from the dutch word “kikker” Traditional brick making consisted of a wooden box which a “kicker” in the middle was used to force the clay out wards to form the arrises.
  • dean davies, tipton west midland

• Well done Dean, the answer you have given is absolutely correct. Indeed the term kikker comes from the lowlands of Belgium and Holland and simply translates into English as frog and has nothing to do with leaping frogs!
  2. Allan Rowe, Newall Green Manchester

• Well done Dean, the answer you have given is absolutely correct. Indeed the term kikker comes from the lowlands of Belgium and Holland and simply translates into English as frog and has nothing to do with leaping frogs! As the senior brickwork at the Manchester College of building I often use this question as an interesting trivia question.
  • Allan Rowe, Newall Green Manchester

• One of the meanings of “frog” is “a thing used to hold or fasten something” (C OED). The frog in the brick helps better adhesion (due to additional shear key provided. Hence the name.
  2. Narasimhan, Chennai India

: Why is the indentation in a house brick called a frog? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk

What is frog and its purpose?

Frogs are an integral part of the food web – Tadpoles keep waterways clean by feeding on algae. Adult frogs eat large quantities of insects, including disease vectors that can transmit fatal illnesses to humans (i.e. mosquitoes/malaria). Frogs also serve as an important food source to a diverse array of predators, including dragonflies, fish, snakes, birds, beetles, centipedes and even monkeys.

What do you mean by frog?

1 : any of various largely aquatic leaping anuran amphibians (such as ranids) that have slender bodies with smooth moist skin and strong long hind legs with webbed feet compare toad 2 : the triangular elastic horny pad in the middle of the sole of the foot of a horse see hoof illustration 3 a : a loop attached to a belt to hold a weapon or tool b : an ornamental braiding for fastening the front of a garment that consists of a button and a loop through which it passes 4 often capitalized disparaging + offensive : frenchman 5 : a device permitting the wheels on one rail of a track to cross an intersecting rail 6 : a condition in the throat that produces hoarseness had a frog in his throat 7 : the nut of a violin bow 8 : a small holder (as of metal, glass, or plastic) with perforations or spikes for holding flowers in place in a bowl or vase

Where is the frog on a brick?

The bottom of the mould is formed by a stock and a kicker may be placed on the stock to form a frog ( the indent formed in the bed of the brick ). This facilitates filling the moulds and demoulding the unfired bricks.

What is the size of frog in brick?

Development of Draft Protocol for Testing of Structural Components and Systems (a joint initiative of MoHUPA under technology submission of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna & IIT, KANPUR) Common burnt clay bricks are the oldest and most extensively used construction material. It is used in constructing a variety of structural members like masonry walls, foundation, columns etc.

Classification Burnt clay fly ash bricks are classified on basis of average compressive strength. General Quality Bricks should be hand or machine molded and made of admixture of suitable soils. Bricks should be uniformly burnt, free from cracks and flaws such as nodules of stone, black coring and organic matter. Frog dimensions should same for both modular and non modular size bricks.
• Frog dimension should be either 10 or 20mm for and hand molded bricks of 90 or 70 mm height.
• No frog is provided for bricks of height 30 or 40 mm and for bricks made by extrusion process.
• Smooth rectangular faces with sharp corner should be provided to the bricks along with uniform color and shape.
• Dimensions: Dimension of modular bricks should be as follows: Length(mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) 190 90 90 190 90 40 Non modular bricks of following size may also be used: 230 110 70 230 110 30 Following sizes of non modular brick may also be used to obtain proper bond agreement and modular dimension for brickwork: 70 110 280/3 Tolerance Randomly select 20 bricks (or more according to the size of the stack) from the selected sample.

Arrange these bricks on as level surface successively as depicted in 2A, 2B and 2C. Measure overall length of the assembly with a sufficiently long steel tape or with help of some other inextensible measure. If measurement of bricks in one row is not possible for some reason; sample may be divided into rows of 10 bricks and measurement should be done to the nearest millimeter.

For modular size bricks (90mm high) the width and height should be 1800±40mm and length should be 3800±80mm. For 40mm high bricks the height should be 800±40mm, width and length should remain same as for 90mm high bricks. For non modular size bricks (70mm high) the length should be 4600±80mm and width should be 2200±40mm and height should be 1400±40mm.

For 30mm high bricks the height should be 600±40mm, length and width should remain same. Source: IS 1077: 1992 Physical properties Bricks should have minimum compressive strength as mentioned in Table 1 for respective class when tested according to IS 3495 (1): 1992, Water absorption ( IS 3495 (2): 1992 ) of bricks should not be more than 20% by weight up to class 12.5 and 15% for higher classes when bricks are immersed in cold water for 24 hours. Efflorescence ( IS 3495 (3): 1992 ) should not be more than ‘moderate’ for class up to 12.5 and ‘slight’ for higher classes. Sampling and criterion for conformity: It should be in accordance with IS 5454: 1978,

For more information, refer to IS 1077: 1992, : Development of Draft Protocol for Testing of Structural Components and Systems

What does frog mean in building?

What is a FROG (in Real Estate Lingo)? – In real estate lingo, a FROG is a “Finished Room Over Garage.” These are extra spaces that can often be used as play rooms, offices, home gyms, or studios. Especially if your home doesn’t have a basement or terrace level, it’s good to mention your FROG as a desirable feature of your home for sale.

How do you identify a frog?

How to Identify Amphibians Amphibians are a class of the animal kingdom that includes toads, and newts. The word amphibian comes from the Greek word meaning, “a being with a double life.” Amphibians are so called because they have two stages of development – the larval stage and the adult stage.

Appearance The most distinguishing characteristic of different amphibians is their appearance. Frogs have long, muscular legs and smooth skin. Depending on the species, they may have markings on their skin, such as stripes or spots. They also have marks behind their eyes covering their eardrums. Toads, on the other hand, have shorter legs. Their skin is rough and covered in warts. While their color may vary between brown, green or red, they tend to have fewer markings on their skin. Newts, though also amphibians, look more like lizards. They have long bodies with short legs. Their skin texture, color and markings differ significantly amongst the species, Movements Different species of amphibians move in different ways, providing key clues to tell you whether you’re in the presence of a toad or a frog. If you disrupt an amphibian in its natural surroundings and it hops away, you know that you just saw a frog. Frogs hop from place to place while toads crawl. Also, when you disrupt a toad, it tends to stay still, rather than fleeing, Spawn The appearance of amphibian spawn differs greatly between the species. If you find roe near a pond, you can easily identify which amphibians will grow from the eggs. Frog spawn grow in clumps, often near a source of water. Toads spawn in strings with rows of eggs in lines. Interestingly, newts wrap each of their eggs in an individual leaf,

: How to Identify Amphibians

Why is it called frog?

Etymology – The origin of the order name Anura —and its original spelling Anoures —is the Ancient Greek ” alpha privative ” prefix ἀν- ( an- from ἀ- before a vowel) ‘without’, and οὐρά ( ourá ) ‘animal tail’. meaning “tailless”. It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians.

1. The origins of the word frog are uncertain and debated.
2. The word is first attested in Old English as frogga, but the usual Old English word for the frog was frosc (with variants such as frox and forsc ), and it is agreed that the word frog is somehow related to this.
3. Old English frosc remained in dialectal use in English as frosh and frosk into the nineteenth century, and is paralleled widely in other Germanic languages, with examples in the modern languages including German Frosch, Norwegian frosk, Icelandic froskur, and Dutch (kik)vors,

These words allow reconstruction of a Common Germanic ancestor * froskaz, The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary finds that the etymology of * froskaz is uncertain, but agrees with arguments that it could plausibly derive from a Proto-Indo-European base along the lines of * preu, meaning ‘jump’.

• How Old English frosc gave rise to frogga is, however, uncertain, as the development does not involve a regular sound-change,
• Instead, it seems that there was a trend in Old English to coin nicknames for animals ending in – g, with examples—themselves all of uncertain etymology—including dog, hog, pig, stag, and (ear)wig,

Frog appears to have been adapted from frosc as part of this trend. Meanwhile, the word toad, first attested as Old English tādige, is unique to English and is likewise of uncertain etymology. It is the basis for the word tadpole, first attested as Middle English taddepol, apparently meaning ‘toad-head’.

Why frog is called?

The correct option is D. It lives both on land and water. The word ‘amphibian’ is derived from the Greek term ‘amphibios’ (amphi = dual or both, bios = life). Frog is thus, called an amphibian because it typically lives on land but requires water for fertilisation and development. Suggest Corrections.

Why do some bricks not have a frog?

Brick Frog – origins of use? The brick frog is the indentation in a brick, normally where the maker’s name is stamped. The vast majority of bricks made with frogs are for the building industry. Refractory bricks were not made with frogs as a tight fit between bricks was required and with the minimum of cement being used.

1. The cement was the weak point of a furnace with regards to suffering thermal damage.
2. Likewise, pavers did not have frogs as they would have simply collected water and turned your paved area into a pond or skating rink! Well, there are many theories here.
3. I note some below (please let me know if you have any others) :- 1.

Frogging originates from the ancient Egyptian custom of creating hollows in their Nile clay bricks, in which they interred live animals, usually young, as building work progressed. Historians are divided on the reasoning. Traditional Egyptologists favoured the after-life scenario whereby the animals assist the pharaoh.

• Both the ancient Egyptians and the Mesopotamians saw the frog as a symbol of fertility and life-giving.2.
• The indentation in a horse’s hoof is called a frog and in early bricks, the shape of the indentation may have appeared to resemble this shape.,3.
• The bumps in the bottom of a brick mould, designed to force clay to the corners, looked like crouching frogs,

– a major problem for all early brickmakers was ensuring that the thrown clay-filled all the corners of the mould. The answer was found in a clever development on the stock board in pallet moulding, however, the exact date of its introduction is unknown but it is thought to have been around the late 18th century. 4. The most popular reason is that the wooden bumps in old brick moulds were called “kickers” because they kicked out the ‘green’ clay towards the edges of the mould. It’s not clear which influenced which, but somewhere along the way the English word “kicker” became confused with the Dutch word “kikker”, which translates to “frog”.5.

1. One of the meanings of “frog” is a thing used to hold or fasten something as in a loop or other attachment on a belt to hold the scabbard of a sword.
2. The frog in the brick helps better adhesion of the cement and therefor a better bond between bricks.6.
3. There is also this suggestion – As a bricklayer, I’ve often asked older brickies why a frog is called a frog all to no avail.

The most logical answer I’ve heard is the indentation (frog) is there to reduce the amount of clay in the making of the brick, (whilst still maintaining the strength of the brick). Therefore the brickmaker is being “frugal” with the clay and frog is a play on the word frugal.

Why do we have brick frogs? Brick frogs make sense for several reasons: for one, creating an indentation in the brick saved the brickmaker material. In other words, by creating a small recess in the brick, the brickmaker could make more bricks with the same amount of clay without sacrificing the size or quality of the finished product.

It also reduced the drying and firing time of the bricks. The recess also made the bricks lighter and easier to grasp. Frogs also created an extra recess for the mortar, resulting in a stronger bond between bricks. The frog indentation also provides a very suitable location to stamp the maker’s name into every brick produced.

This, in fact, is evidence of the first use of a manufacturers logo ( normally makers initials, surname or place of work) to be used on mass-produced products. Matthew Johnson, London deliberates ” I have another theory that you might want to consider. I have been renovating a 16 th fireplace and chimney that uses shallow red bricks, obviously with frogs.

Before starting I had managed to source a quantity of old frogless bricks but they were slightly thicker and so I was unable to use them. When I tried to cut the extra depth off I was only able to remove the edge but the central area wouldn’t budge without breaking the brick.

1. I was working without power tools.
2. When I got hold of some bricks with frogs, I was easily able to remove the depth and not worry about the central park as it was removed already.
3. So my theory is that when the industrial revolution began making bricks, they incorporated the frog so that their standardised bricks could also be used for the narrow gauge bricks which were prevalent at the time.

It would help them with their profits. If you try the experiment you will understand how simple it is to make 65mm become 55mm. : Brick Frog – origins of use?

What is the size of frog?

Members of the treefrog family, some less than 1 inch long, are more frequently heard than seen. The true frog family includes the largest frog in Minnesota, the bullfrog, which may measure up to 8 inches in length. In general, adult female toads and frogs are larger than males of the same species.

What is the maximum size of a frog?

An adult Goliath frog caught by a local frog hunter. Marvin Schäfe The aptly named Goliath frogs are the world’s largest frog species, They can grow to more than 13 inches long, excluding their legs, and weigh up to seven pounds, Now, scientists think they know not only how Goliath frogs are putting their heft to good use, but also how they evolved to be so big: pushing around large rocks to build nests.

1. Though these chunky critters are relatively popular, “astonishingly few facts have become known about biology,” a team of researchers write in a new study published in the Journal of Natural History,
2. Goliath frogs, formally known as Conraua goliath, occupy a relatively small range that stretches from southwestern Cameroon into Equatorial Guinea, and they are quite skittish, making them difficult to observe.

Due to factors like hunting, large-scale trapping for the pet trade and habitat loss, the amphibians are also endangered, which is why researchers were studying them in the first place. The team didn’t set out to document the Goliath frog’s nest-building habits.

Mark-Oliver Rödel, study co-author and a herpetologist at the Leibniz Institute for Evolutionary and Biodiversity Research, tells Sara Chodosh of Popular Science that the team was looking into the diet of Goliath tadpoles, “in case a captive breeding program might be the last chance for the Goliaths’ survival in the future.” During their field work, locals told researchers that the species builds nesting ponds for its tadpoles—a behavior that has not been seen among any other African amphibian,

And so the team decided to investigate. Between February and May of last year, researchers monitored a 1,300-foot stretch along the Mpoula River in western Cameroon. At any hint of a human sound, the shy Goliaths would plunge into the river, so it was hard to observe the frogs directly.

• But the team was able to identify signs of nest-building at 22 breeding sites, 14 of which contained nearly 3,000 Goliath eggs each.
• The nests could be categorized into three types.
• With one, the frogs simply cleared leaf litter and other sediment out of rock pools in the river bed, which is to say that they were “using pre-existing structures for breeding,” the study authors note.

With the second type of nest, the Goliaths enlarged existing shallow pools by pushing gravel and leaf litter to the edges of the pool, forming a dam, But perhaps most impressive was the third type of nest, which saw the frogs dig depressions into the gravel riverbanks and encircle them with larger stones and rocks—effectively creating their own ponds.

These rocks were quite heavy, with some weighing up to 4.4 pounds—more than half the frogs’ weight. Rödel tells Live Science ‘s Laura Geggel that it was probably the males doing the heavy lifting, using their “huge and very muscular hind legs.” Surrounding nests with gravel and rocks may create a barrier against predators—like fish and shrimp, which feed on frog eggs and larvae—while also preventing fluctuating water levels from washing the spawn away.

Additionally, all nest types had been cleaned of debris, which may help Goliaths keep an eye out for predators. The frogs do, in fact, seem to be protective parents. Hoping to get a good look at the elusive species, the researchers used a camera trap to record a time-lapse video at one of the nests.

Shortly after nightfall, a large frog appeared, standing guard over its brood until just a few minutes before dawn. Researchers could not determine the sex of the adult parent, but interviews with local farmers and frog hunters suggest that it might have been female. “The most detailed description we got (from one frog hunter) was that the male would construct the nest while the female waits in proximity,” the study authors write.

“Once the nest is finished, the male whistles to attract the female, which then is grasped by the male and eggs are deposited. Afterwards the female would guard the nest and subsequently open the nest towards the river.” Digging nests and hauling stones is, as the researchers put it, a “serious physical task”—one that could explain why Goliaths have evolved to be so large.

Chodosh reports that moving forward, the team plans to return to Africa and set up additional camera traps, with the goal of capturing the building process in action. But for now, the new study demonstrates how much scientists have yet to discover about an iconic species that is at risk of disappearing.

“The fact that we’ve only just discovered these behaviours shows how little we know about even some of the most spectacular creatures on our planet,” Rödel says, “We hope that our findings, combined with further ongoing research, will improve our understanding of the needs of the Goliath frog so we can help support its continued survival.” Animals Endangered Species Frogs Weird Animals Recommended Videos

What are the dimensions of a frog?

The common frog is smooth-skinned, and adults are 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 inches) long. Colour and markings vary from gray to greenish, brown, yellowish, or red with few to many spots of reddish brown or black.

What does frog mean in building a house?

What is a FROG (in Real Estate Lingo)? – In real estate lingo, a FROG is a “Finished Room Over Garage.” These are extra spaces that can often be used as play rooms, offices, home gyms, or studios. Especially if your home doesn’t have a basement or terrace level, it’s good to mention your FROG as a desirable feature of your home for sale.

What does frog mean in architecture?

How-To – Posted on: February 01, 1990 The architect for the project I am working on has selected a molded brick with a frog. In laying this brick, should the frog be placed up or down? Currently, there is no industry consensus on how to lay a brick unit that has a frog.

A frog is a depression in one bearing face of a molded or pressed brick. The frog reduces the weight of the brick and makes it easier to remove from the forms. ASTM specifications C 62 (building brick), C 216 (facing brick), and C 652 (hollow brick) all set limits on the size of frogs. Frogs can’t be closer than 3/4 inch to any edge of the brick.

Frogs greater than 3/8 inch deep at any point are treated the same as cores. Frogs less than 3/8 inch deep don’t affect the net area of the unit. Some experts say that bricks containing frogs should be laid with the frog up so that the frog is completely filled with mortar.

1. If the brick is laid with the frog on the bottom, the frog may not get completely filled with mortar.
2. This would make the brick wall only face-shell bedded, which produces less wall strength than full mortar bedding.
3. Other experts say brick should be laid with the frog down.
4. They give two reasons.
5. First, a uniform bed of mortar can be laid more easily on the face that doesn’t contain the frog.

If the frog is less than 3/8 inch deep, the mortar bed should be able to fill the frog. Second, if the frog is laid up, it can hold water, which may contribute to early brick deterioration. Most masonry walls built today are not highly stressed bearing walls.

What is a frog in building terms?

Summary: What’s A Brick Frog? – A brick frog is a depression in one side, a.k.a. face, of a molded or pressed brick. If you pick up a brick with a frog, one side will be flat and the other will have a cavity built into it. The frog reduces the amount of material needed to produce the brick, reduces the weight of the brick making it easier to remove from the form and may also help heat reach the center of the clay bricks inside the kiln.

When brick’s with frogs are used to build a wall, the frogs are filled solid with mortar. This extra mortar sitting inside the brick increases the walls sheer strength. Does the brick frog face up or down? Either way is fine, this decision is up to the mason. There’s no code that dictates whether or not a frog should face up or down.

Some masons prefer to face them up so they can be sure they’re filled solid with mortar. However I face them down. Having a the flat side of the brick facing up makes it easier to build a level mortar bed for the next row of bricks. Either way you do it, make sure the frog is filled with mortar which creates a full mortar bedding.

Leaving the frogs empty creates a shell-bedding which is much weaker. You don’t want empty voids in the middle of your brick wall. If the frog is laid up, it can hold water, which can cause brick deterioration. Water penetration is an issue with bricks which can result in freeze thaw damage. This is another reason I prefer laying the bricks frog down.

If you have any questions or comments about brick frogs, any time. : What Is A Brick Frog?

What is frog in Navajo?

Leopard Frog Leopard Frogs were once widespread across the Navajo Nation, but now are the most endangered amphibian here. Their body color varies from green to brown, but they can be recognized by their dark circular spots and two light-colored lines on the sides of their back.

They live in habitats with permanent water, such as ponds, swamps, marshes and slow moving streams. Like all frogs and toads, they lay eggs in the water and have aquatic larva called tadpoles. Frogs and Toads are called “Ch’ąl” in the Navajo language. Traditional Navajo People consider them as sacred and have great respect for frogs and toads.

It is said that they are the controllers of moisture on earth. One should not kill or harm frog and toads. : Leopard Frog